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أخي الكريم monogamy تفضل هاي التعاريف متل ما بدو إياها الدكتور حرفيا إن كان السؤال تعاريف أو فراغات و طبعا بدهن حفظ بصم بالتوفيق للجميع
UNIT 1
1- Linguistic performance is how you use your competence in actual speech production and comprehension.
2- Descriptive grammar describes your basic linguistic knowledge.
3- Sign languages are human languages that do not utilize sounds to express meaning. Instead, sign languages are visual-gestural system.
UNIT2
1- The brain is the messenger of the understanding whereby in an especial manner we acquire wisdom and knowledge.
2- Neurolinguistics: The study concerned with biological and neural foundations of language.
3- The cortex is the decision making organ of the body. It receives messages from all the sensory organ, and initiates all voluntary actions.
4-Blinds are similar to compound but parts of the words that are combined are deleted and so they are less than compound likes; smog, motel, urinalysis, cranapple, broasted, etc.
5-Contratateral brain: the left hemisphere controls the movement of the right side, and the right hemisphere the movement of the left side.
6- Modularity: the brain divided into distinct anatomical faculties that were directly responsible for specific cognitive functions, including language.
7-Lichotic listening: uses auditory signals. Subjects hear two different sound signals simultaneously through earphones.
8-Corpus callosum: it lies between the two brain halves consists of two million fibers connecting the cells of the left and the right hemispheres.
9- Phrenology is the practice of determining personality traits, intellectual capacities and other matters by examination of the bumps on the skull.
10-Aphasia is the neurological term used to refer to language disorder that follow brain lesions caused by a stroke, a tumor, a gunshot wound, other traumas, or inflection
11-Broca’s aphasia is characterized by labored speech, word-finding pauses, loss of function words, and quiet often, disturbed word order.
12-Wernike’s area is the area of the brain that, when damaged, seems to lead to these symptoms is now, not surprisingly.
*******The differences between the Broca’s aphasia and Wernike’s aphasia*******
Broca’s aphasia: exhibitتعرض impairedضعف syntaxالنحو and speech problem, whereas Wernike’s aphasia: patients are fluentفصح speakers who produce semantically empty utterancesتعبيراتand have difficulty in comprehension.
9- Hemiplegic: children with acquired unilateral lesions of the brain who retain both hemispheres one normal and on diseased.
10- In a split brain patient: the information in the right hemisphere cannot get access to the left hemisphere.
11- Jargon aphasia results in the substitution of one sound for another.
UNIT3
I-Dictionaries; all dictionaries, from the Oxford English Dictionary((OED)) provide the following information (1) spelling, (2) the standard pronunciation, (3) definition to give one or more meanings to the word, and (4) parts of speech, e.g., noun, verb, etc.
II-***The differences between the lexical content words and function words****
Lexical content words: called open class because we can and regularly do add new words to these classes .a new verb, download, which means to transfer information from one computer system to another. New adverbs like weatherwise and saleswise and adjectives like biodegradable. Function words we cannot add words. Conjunction, like and and or, prepositions, like on, at, etc, the articles, determiners, and pronouns.
1- Morpheme is the traditional term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form. (( the minimal units of meaning)) 4 morphemes like; un + desire + able + ity
2- Morphology is the study of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. (( the words of language))
3-Prefix: affix that is attached to the beginning of a morpheme.
4- Suffix: affix that is attached to the end of a morpheme or word.
5- Infixes are morphemes that are inserted into other morphemes.
6- Circumfixes are morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally.
7- possible words are possible to add to the vocabulary of a language in many ways.
8- Compound words are new words may be formed by combining words together.
9- Acronyms are words derived from initials of several words. Like; NASA, UNESCO, AIDS, NFL, UCLA, MORF, FAQ, WYSIWYG, RADAR, FYI, etc.
10- Back-Formations are new words my enter the language because of incorrect morphological analysis. Typically by removal of a suffix.
Like; Pease pea// hawker hawk //
Stoker stoke // swindler swindle // editor edit.
8- Abbreviation is short form of word. Like; narcotics Nark / detective tec or dick/
Television telly/ professor prof/ pianoforte piano/ gymnasium gym/
Bicycle bike/ advertisement ad/ mathematics math/ gasoline gas/
Telephone phone/ omnibus bus/ vanguard van/
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