LILAC,
اقتباس:
صدقني الشغلة حظ
لك والله مابعرف 
اقتباس:
وبدورة الحملة والله العظيم كتبت مواضيع بهدلت البهادل حتى تاني واحد مقطوش وبلا خاتمة ونجحت
اي بصدق 
اقتباس:
انشالله بتطلع معنا يارب
ياااااااااااااااااااااااااارب
اقتباس:
طول بالك شوي لساتني من مبارح وانا عم اكتب موضوع عن الادب لغير المتعلمين
ومافي غير بقرا شوي وبنام عشر ساعات
ييييييييييييييي ياقلب دكاترتنا عليكي وعلينا بطريقهن
هي موضوع من المواضيع اللي اشتغلناهن سنة ماضية انا ورفيقي 
شوفي اذا بيزبط معك 
Literature for the unlettered
As abundant as folk literature is and has been, its investigation has been seriously undertaken only within the past two or three centuries. The principal difficulty has been the assembling of material on which to base such studies. Its very oral nature makes it impossible for one person to be acquainted firsthand with more than an extremely small part of this activity. It is only when some sort of written record has been made of the oral material that any general studies are possible.
When attention is shifted to the ancient world before the use of writing, scholars are almost entirely dependent on analogies from the unlettered groups. The term ''unlettered'' is used for those who can not read or write because their community has no written form of language, but they are mentally good and talented. They can discuss and analyze. For folk literature since the development of writing, scholars are dependent on several things. There may be specific references in literary documents to the existence of particular tales or songs and often to their manner of production. The Old Testament is a good source for these, and both the Odyssey and Beowulf contain good pictures of the performances of folk minstrels and bards.
Partly as a result of the Romantic Movement in literature and partly because of the interest in primitivism and the common folk, the recording of all sorts of songs and oral tales since about 1800 has been phenomenal. Increasingly scholars attempt to recover material as it actually exists. Many thousands of volumes are to be found in great libraries that give a good sampling of folk literature in all parts of the world; and large regional or national archives have been established, many of them containing hundreds of thousands of items available for study.
As for the folk literature of peoples predominantly unlettered, these greatly expanded bases for study not only have brought out the characteristics found everywhere but have pointed up the differences found from place to place. Generalizations formerly accepted have to be reviewed in the light of these differences. Such problems can now be investigated with the assurance that modern collectors have made every effort to record the oral tradition as it actually exists.
The most obvious characteristic of folk literature is its orality. In spite of certain borderline cases, it normally stands in direct contrast to written literature. The latter exists in manuscripts and books and may be preserved exactly as the author or authors left it, even though this may have happened centuries ago. Through these manuscripts and books the thoughts and emotions and observations and even the fine nuances of style can be experienced without regard to time or distance. With oral literature this is not possible. It is concerned only with speaking and singing and with listening, thus depending upon the existence of a living culture to carry on a tradition. If any item of folk literature ceases to exist within human memory it is completely lost.
Folk literature is but a part of what is generally known as folklore, customs and beliefs, ritualistic behavior, dances, folk music, and other nonliterary manifestations. These are often considered a part of the larger study of ethnology, but they are also the business of the folklorist. Folk song implies the use of music, and the musical tradition varies greatly from one area to another. In some places the words of songs are of little importance and seem to be used primarily as support for the music
In other parts of the world, flutelike wind instruments or bowed fiddles of one kind or another affect the nature of folk song texts. In many places folk songs are of great importance, serving as excitement to war or love or as a part of religious or secular ritual. Through them the group expresses its common emotions or lightens the burden of communal labor.
A special tradition of tales told in song has arisen in Europe since the Middle Ages and has been carried to wherever Europeans have settled. These ballads, in characteristic local metrical forms and frequently with archaic musical modes, are usually concerned with domestic or warlike conflict, with disasters by land or sea, with crime and punishment, with heroes and outlaws, and sometimes, though rarely, with humor. Despite a folk culture fast being overwhelmed by the modern world, these ballads are still sung and enjoyed.
If folk literature is actually dying out, the process is very slow. It is now, as it has always been, the normal literary expression for the unlettered of all continents.
اقتباس:
بس اقرا بحث التراجيديا بفيدك انشالله
المادة نهار الاحد الصبح ها بقا لاتطولي
تسجيل الدخول
MOB
الأسئلة المتكررة
بحث
ولما بكون ما متوقعة النجاح بنجح
