The explanation of the phonetic lessons "renewable"

Tami · **مرسل:** السبت يوليو 07, 2007 11:01 pm

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

I will help you in the phonetic lessons by explaining the important things in every chapter, God willing.

But there are some chapters which are theoretical more than practical, so I will not explain any theoretical part because you have to read them from the book as our doctor underlines the important things, and because in every term , our doctor wants something different from the last one.
I wish your prayers for me…

The first chapter is theoretical.

The second chapter:

The production of speech sounds:
2-1- Articulators above the larynx:
Articulators: they are the different parts of the vocal tract, these parts are:
1- the pharynx.
2- the velum or soft palate or velar: It happens when the tongue is in contact with the lower side of the velum, like "k", and "g".

3-the hard palate.
4- the alveolar ridge: It happens when the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge which is behind the teeth, like "t" and "d"

5- the tongue: it has five parts: top, blade, front, back, and root.
6- the teeth: they make dental sounds by touching the front teeth.
7- the lips: a- Bilabial: the lips are pressed together like when we produce the sounds "p" and "b" .
b- Labiodental: the lips are in contact with teeth like when we produce the sounds "f" and "v".
c- the lips can be rounded when we produce "u".

2-2- Vowels and consonants: this is a theoretical part in this chapter, so read it from the book.
But the last thing of this part is the different shapes and positions of the lips:
1- Rounded: like "u".
2- Spread: like "i".
3- Neutral: like schwa and other vowels.

2-3- English short vowels:
- /I/: it is close, front, and the lips are spread.
[ Eg: 'bit', 'pin', fish'.
- /e/: it is between close-mid and open-mid, front, and the lips are spread.
[ Eg 'bet', 'men', 'yes'.
- /ae/: it is open, front, and the lips are spread.
Eg: 'bat', 'man', 'gas'.
The next look at it in the book, it is like 8 in Arabic
it is open, central, and the lips are neutral
Eg: 'but', 'some', 'rush'.
- /D/: it is between open-mid and open, back, and the lips are rounded.
Eg: 'pot', 'gone', 'cross'.
- /U/: it is open, central, and the lips are rounded.
Eg: 'put', 'pull', 'push'.

Note: look at the writing of the vowels / ae/,/ D/,
, and /U/ in the book page 16./8/

Do not forget to look at the diagram in the book.

This is the lesson.
If there are any questions, just ask me , and if there is something not clear , discuss me.

I want some examples about any vowel you want…..
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فارس · **مرسل:** الأحد يوليو 08, 2007 12:34 am

The Jasmine,
It is really one of your most useful topis

I will keep my eyes for more about phonetics

Good luck

Safwat · **مرسل:** الأحد يوليو 08, 2007 12:42 am

A very good work form a distinguished member like you.

Tami · **مرسل:** الاثنين يوليو 09, 2007 1:16 am

فارس,Safwat,
Thanks a lot I am doing my best

Obada Arwany · **مرسل:** الاثنين يوليو 09, 2007 2:25 am

really thank you
The Jasmine,
it is good to teach us phonetics
I appreciate your efforts we will stay looking for more and more

Tami · **مرسل:** الاثنين يوليو 09, 2007 2:58 am

Obada,
Thanks a lot

I want some examples about any vowel you want

Raghad · **مرسل:** الاثنين يوليو 09, 2007 6:25 pm

Thank u very much Yasmine

We are really in need for such topics , go ahead

Tami · **مرسل:** الأربعاء أغسطس 01, 2007 6:39 pm

Raghad,
Welcom

Tami · **مرسل:** الأربعاء أغسطس 01, 2007 6:45 pm

The third chapter:
Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs[/U]

[englishtext]1- Long vowels:
We use the length mark ':' with long vowels only to remind you that these vowels tend to be long and just to notice that these five long vowels are different from the six short vowels in length and quality{the difference is resulting from differences in tongue shape and position , and lip position}.
For long vowels and short vowels, there are several question about them. But the most important and common one is :
Describe the vowel in this word.

Now, the long vowels and their description:

1- /i:/ it is front, close, and the lips are spread.
Eg: 'feet' , 'speak' , 'chief' , 'people'.
2- /3:/ it is central, open-mid, and the lips are neutral.
Eg: 'ear' , 'impersonal' , 'fern'.
Back, open, and the lips are neutral. It is / : 3- /
4-/ : / it is back, close-mid, and the lips are rounded.
Eg: 'sword' , 'cord' , 'call' , 'walk'.
5- / u: / it is back, close, and the lips are rounded.
Eg: 'rude' , 'true' , 'fruit' , 'two'.

Diphthongs:
They are the sounds which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another.
They are combination of two vowels.
The first part is much longer and stronger than the second part.
The diphthongs are:
1- Centring diphthongs which end in schwa:
/ I schwa/
Eg: 'beard' , 'Ian' , 'fierce.
/e schwa/
Eg: 'aired' , 'cairn' , 'scarce'.
/U schwa/
Eg: 'moored' , 'tour'.

2- closing diphthongs which end in I
/eI/
Eg: 'paid' , 'pain' , 'face'.
/aI/
Eg: 'tide' , 'time' , 'nice'.
/ I /
Eg: 'void' , 'lion' , 'voice'.

3- Closing diphthongs which end in U
/schwa U/
Eg: 'load' , 'home' , 'most'.
/aU/
Eg: 'loud' , 'gown' , 'house'.

Triphthongs:
A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third.
They are composed of the five closing diphthongs with schwa in the end.
They are:
eI+schwa = eI schwa
Eg: 'layer' , 'player'.
aI +schwa = aI schwa
Eg: 'liar' , 'fire'.
I +schwa= I schwa
Eg: 'loyal' , 'royal'.
Schwa U+ schwa= schwa U schwa
Eg: 'lower' , 'mower'.
aU +schwa= aU schwa
Eg: 'power' , 'hour'.

That is all the information of this chapter….
In this chapter, you have just to study what I wrote.

Homework:
1- Tell if these words have long vowels, diphthong, or triphthong, but do not look them up from the dictionary, try by yourself.

Boon, born, first, eager, lime, narrow, society.

2- Guess which words have long vowel and which words have short vowel in the following words , but without looking them up from the dictionary, try by yourself.

Contest, demon, demand, farce, hilt, pan, plug.
[/englishtext]

Tami · **مرسل:** الأربعاء أغسطس 01, 2007 7:00 pm

[englishtext]
The fourth chapter:
Voicing and consonants

We can study this chapter as questions and answers.

The larynx:
Describe the structure of the larynx.
The larynx's structure is made of two large cartilages. These are hollow and attached to the top of the trachea.
When we breathe , the air passes through the trachea and the larynx. The front of the larynx comes to a point and you can feel this point at the front of your neck and this is called Adam's Apple.

What are the vocal folds?
They are two thick flaps of muscle rather like a pair of lips.

What do we mean when we say that the glottis is open?
If the vocal folds are apart , we say that the glottis is open.

What do we mean when we say that the glottis is closed?
If the vocal folds are pressed together we say that the glottis is closed.

What are the four different positions of the vocal folds?
1- Wide apart:
they are wide apart for normal breathing and during voiceless consonants like p, f, s.

2- Narrow glottis:
if air is passed through the glottis when it is narrow , the result is a fricative sound for which the
symbol is h. It is called a voiceless glottal fricative.

3- Position for vocal fold vibration:
What do we mean by the vibration of position for the vocal folds?
Air is pressed up from the lungs and this air pushes the vocal folds apart so that a little air escapes. As the air flows quickly past the edges of the vocal folds , the folds are brought together again. This opening and closing happens very rapidly and is repeated regularly , averaging roughly between two and three hundred times per second in a woman's voice and about half that rate in an adult man's voice.

4- Vocal folds tightly closed :
When the vocal folds are pressed together and the air can not pass between them , we call it a glottal stop or glottal plosive.
Eg: water : we pronounce t like a ء الهمزة بالعربي

Respiration and voicing:
What do we mean by respiration and voicing?
The normal way for this airflow to be produced is for some of the air in the lungs to be pushed out; that means when air is made to move out of the lungs we say that there is an egressive pulmonic airstream.
Subglottal pressure: it is the pressure of the air below the vocal folds.

What are the three main differences when we make changes in the vocal folds?
1- Variations in intensity:
We produce voicing with high intensity for shouting, and with low intensity for speaking quietly.
2- Variations in frequency:
If the vocal folds vibrate rapidly, the voicing is at high frequency, and if there are fewer vibrations per second the frequency is lower.
3- Variation in quality:
We can produce different sounding voice qualities, such as those we might call harsh , breathy, murmured, or creaky.

Plosives:
A plosive is a consonant articulation.
The fist part of the plosives is for understanding.
What does happen at each of the four phases in a plosive consonant' production?
Or the question will be like that:
Explain what do we mean by closing phase , compression phase, release phase , or post-release phase?
1- Closing phase :
It is when the articulators move to form the stricture for the plosive.
2- Compression phase:
It is when the compressed air is stopped from escaping.
3- Release phase:
It is when the articulators used to form the stricture are moved so as to allow air to escape.
4- Post-release phase:
It is what happens immediately after the escaping of the air.

English plosives:
English has six plosive consonants which are " p, t, k, d, b, g ".
The place of articulation of those plosives:
- "p" and "b": they are bilabial since the lips are pressed together.
- "t" and "d": they are alveolar since the tongue blade is pressed against the alveolar ridge.
- "k" and "d": they are velar since the back of the tongue is pressed against the area where the hard palate ends and the soft palate begins.
"p" , "t" , and "k": are always voiceless.
"b" , "d" , and "g": are always voiced.

Fortis and lenis:
Fortis {meaning 'strong'} means voiceless like "p" , "t" , and "k".
Lenis {meaning 'weak'} means voiced like "b" , "d" , and "g".

This is the fourth chapter ….
If there is any question just ask me…

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The explanation of the phonetic lessons "renewable"

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