و هي للي حابب يختبرحالو بهل النوع
عذراً, يجب أن تسجل من هنا لترى الرابط إذا كنت عضواً, فقط قم بتسجيل الدخول ... es.htm#a10


Absolute participles
A class of apparently dangling participial phrases that have become idiomatic are absolute participles (Bernstein 1981). They have no antecedent and none is intended; that is, they are indefinite, for example,
The density mode is preferred provided that optical properties are measured.
Given a variable factor, the fluctuating flow components can be calculated from equations (31) to (38).
Either the density mode or the pressure mode can be used, depending on whether supporting optical measurements or probe measurements are made.
Other idiomatic absolute participles are
generally speaking        concerning
considering        regarding
judging        beginning
Such constructions must be truly absolute, with no antecedent in the sentence. In the following sentence, what appears to be an absolute participle is actually dangling:
Dang. partic.        An arbitrary factor controls the accuracy of the calculation depending on pressure fluctuations.
Better        A variable factor depending on pressure fluctuations controls the accuracy of the calculation.
Technical writing often contains absolute participles that are not idiomatic, for example,
The arbitrary factor can be assumed to be small and therefore can be neglected, yielding a first-order solution.
Such a participle might be justified by arguing that it is an absolute adjective construction modifying the whole sentence. However these participles can sometimes be made adverbial:
The arbitrary factor can be assumed to be small and therefore can be neglected to yield a first-order solution.
Sometimes a participle at the end of a sentence is not absolute, but actually modifies the subject in a nonrestrictive way:
Nonrestrictive partic.        Increasing the leak area caused the boundary layer to attach, thus decreasing heat transferred to the cove interior.