]Direct speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken . These words are put between qutation marks . For example :
The teacher says , " I have some books in my hand . "
Indirect speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said . No qutation marks are used , e.g : The teacher says (that) he
has some books in his hand
ملاحظة : عندما يكون فعل النقل مضارعا" مثل
say , says يبقى زمن الفعل على ما هو حتى بعد النقل كما في المثال السابق
Note : It is preferable not to use ( that ) in the reported speech between the verbs ( tell , and say ) .
How to perform the indirect speech ?
First , we begin the sentence by : he said , declared , stated , ......etc .
Second , Transform the pronoun ( I ) to ( he ) and the pronoun ( we ) to ( they)
Third , Change the reporting verb to its suitable tense :
1- If the reporting verb is simple present , the noun clause verb becomes simple past , e.g :
The boy said , " I go to school . "
It becomes : The boy said he went to school
2- Present continuous changes to past continuous , e.g :
They said , " We are going to the theatre . "
They said ( that ) they were going to the theatre.
3- Present perfect changes to past perfect , e.g :
Peter said : " I have gone to my uncle's . "
Peter said he had gone to his uncle's .
4-Present perfect continuous changes to past perfect continuous , e.g :
Ali said , " We have been practicing all day . "
Ali said they had been practicing all day .
5- Simple past changes to past perfect , e.g :
He said , " I wrote a letter to my father . "
He said he had written a letter to his father .
6- Past continuous changes to past perfect continuous , e.g :
He said , " I was sleeping when they come . "
He said he had been sleeping when they had come
To be continued
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ما بيصير متحموي 
