آرتين لتعليم اللغات :: عن علم اللغة التطبيقي 4th year (معلومات سريعة و عامة) بسيطة

Hello for the 4th year students

I put to you the Musical Devices required in the exam…….
Have a quick look on stress , syllables , and semi-vowels .
We are reqired to study the phonetic rules from the first year …..to the second term of the second year …..

Voicing…..
.place of articuaation
Manner of articulations

Musical Devices

Tone :

The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself, the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work .

Musical Devices :

Alliteration :
It is when the sounds of consonants in a phrase, are similar and occur closely together.

Assonance :
The repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words .

Consonance :
The repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words .

Rhyme :

The repetition of the accented vowel sound and all succeeding sounds in important or importantly positioned words.

How to Pronounce "the" in English
Normally, we pronounce "the" with a short sound (like "thuh"). But when "the" comes before a vowel sound, we pronounce it as a long "thee".
vowel sound we write we say
A the apple thee apple
E the egg thee egg
I the ice-cream thee ice-cream
O the orange thee orange
U the ugli fruit thee ugli fruit
It is important to understand that it is what we say that matters, not what we write. It is the sound that matters, not the letter used in writing a word. So we use a long "thee" before a vowel sound, not necessarily before a vowel. Look at these cases:
we write with we say with
the house consonant (h) thuh house consonant sound
the hour consonant (h) thee our vowel sound
the university vowel (u) thuh youniversity consonant sound
the umbrella vowel (u) thee umbrella vowel sound
Emphatic the [thee]
When we wish to place emphasis on a particular word, we can use "emphatic the" [thee], whether or not the word begins with a consonant or vowel sound. For example:
A: I saw the [thuh] President yesterday.
B: What! The [thee] President of the United States?
A: Yes, exactly.
…..

……………………………………………..
Understanding Syllables
To understand word stress, it helps to understand syllables.
Every word is made from syllables.
Each word has one, two, three or more syllables.
word number of syllables
dog dog 1
green green 1
quite quite 1
quiet qui-et 2
orange or-ange 2
table ta-ble 2
expensive ex-pen-sive 3
interesting in-ter-est-ing 4
realistic re-al-is-tic 4
unexceptional un-ex-cep-tion-al 5
Notice that (with a few rare exceptions) every syllable contains at least one vowel (a, e, i, o or u) or vowel sound
What is Word Stress?
In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.
Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.
click word to hear
shape total
syllables stressed
syllable
PHO TO GRAPH

3 #1
PHO TO GRAPH ER

4 #2
PHO TO GRAPH IC

4 #3
This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETera
The syllables that are not stressed are ‘weak’ or ‘small’ or ‘quiet’. Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.

Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it!
There are two very important rules about word stress:
1. One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.)
2. The stress is always on a vowel.
Where do I Put Word Stress?
There are some rules about which syllable to stress. But...the rules are rather complicated! Probably the best way to learn is from experience. Listen carefully to spoken English and try to develop a feeling for the "music" of the language.
When you learn a new word, you should also learn its stress pattern. If you keep a vocabulary book, make a note to show which syllable is stressed. If you do not know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries give the phonetic spelling of a word. This is where they show which syllable is stressed, usually with an apostrophe (') just before or just after the stressed syllable. (The notes at the front of the dictionary will explain the system used.) Look at (and listen to) this example for the word plastic. There are 2 syllables. Syllable #1 is stressed.
example phonetic spelling:
dictionary A phonetic spelling:
dictionary B
PLAS TIC

/plæs'tIk/ /'plæs tIk/
Why is Word Stress Important?
Word stress is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese or French for example, pronounce each syllable with eq-ual em-pha-sis.
Other languages, English for example, use word stress.
Word stress is not an optional extra that you can add to the English language if you want. It is part of the language! English speakers use word stress to communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult conditions. If, for example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word because of the position of the stress.
Think again about the two words photograph and photographer. Now imagine that you are speaking to somebody by telephone over a very bad line. You cannot hear clearly. In fact, you hear only the first two syllables of one of these words, photo... Which word is it, photograph or photographer? Of course, with word stress you will know immediately which word it is because in reality you will hear either PHOto... or phoTO... So without hearing the whole word, you probably know what the word is ( PHOto...graph or phoTO...grapher). It's magic! (Of course, you also have the 'context' of your conversation to help you.)
This is a simple example of how word stress helps us understand English. There are many, many other examples, because we use word stress all the time, without thinking about it.

SEMI-VOWELS
Semi-vowels are like vowels in the vibrating of the vocal folds, and like diphongs they are characterized by a transition between two vowel-formations. The distinction between dipthongs and semi-vowels is that semi-vowels have a greater constriction in the vocal tract and that the transition occurs much faster--this produces a weaker yet swifter transition of formants. There are also two divisions of semi-vowels: glides and liguids. Liguids have an even tighter constriction than the glides, and the tongue is shaped in such a way as to form "side-branches" that induce anti-resonance.

الكاتب:	Safwat [ الخميس يناير 24, 2008 11:07 am ]
عنوان المشاركة:	عن علم اللغة التطبيقي 4th year (معلومات سريعة و عامة) بسيطة
Hello for the 4th year students I put to you the Musical Devices required in the exam……. Have a quick look on stress , syllables , and semi-vowels . We are reqired to study the phonetic rules from the first year …..to the second term of the second year ….. Voicing….. .place of articuaation Manner of articulations Musical Devices Tone : The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself, the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work . Musical Devices : Alliteration : It is when the sounds of consonants in a phrase, are similar and occur closely together. Assonance : The repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words . Consonance : The repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words . Rhyme : The repetition of the accented vowel sound and all succeeding sounds in important or importantly positioned words. How to Pronounce "the" in English Normally, we pronounce "the" with a short sound (like "thuh"). But when "the" comes before a vowel sound, we pronounce it as a long "thee". vowel sound we write we say A the apple thee apple E the egg thee egg I the ice-cream thee ice-cream O the orange thee orange U the ugli fruit thee ugli fruit It is important to understand that it is what we say that matters, not what we write. It is the sound that matters, not the letter used in writing a word. So we use a long "thee" before a vowel sound, not necessarily before a vowel. Look at these cases: we write with we say with the house consonant (h) thuh house consonant sound the hour consonant (h) thee our vowel sound the university vowel (u) thuh youniversity consonant sound the umbrella vowel (u) thee umbrella vowel sound Emphatic the [thee] When we wish to place emphasis on a particular word, we can use "emphatic the" [thee], whether or not the word begins with a consonant or vowel sound. For example: A: I saw the [thuh] President yesterday. B: What! The [thee] President of the United States? A: Yes, exactly. ….. …………………………………………….. Understanding Syllables To understand word stress, it helps to understand syllables. Every word is made from syllables. Each word has one, two, three or more syllables. word number of syllables dog dog 1 green green 1 quite quite 1 quiet qui-et 2 orange or-ange 2 table ta-ble 2 expensive ex-pen-sive 3 interesting in-ter-est-ing 4 realistic re-al-is-tic 4 unexceptional un-ex-cep-tion-al 5 Notice that (with a few rare exceptions) every syllable contains at least one vowel (a, e, i, o or u) or vowel sound What is Word Stress? In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly. Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different. click word to hear shape total syllables stressed syllable PHO TO GRAPH 3 #1 PHO TO GRAPH ER 4 #2 PHO TO GRAPH IC 4 #3 This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETera The syllables that are not stressed are ‘weak’ or ‘small’ or ‘quiet’. Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension. Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it! There are two very important rules about word stress: 1. One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.) 2. The stress is always on a vowel. Where do I Put Word Stress? There are some rules about which syllable to stress. But...the rules are rather complicated! Probably the best way to learn is from experience. Listen carefully to spoken English and try to develop a feeling for the "music" of the language. When you learn a new word, you should also learn its stress pattern. If you keep a vocabulary book, make a note to show which syllable is stressed. If you do not know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries give the phonetic spelling of a word. This is where they show which syllable is stressed, usually with an apostrophe (') just before or just after the stressed syllable. (The notes at the front of the dictionary will explain the system used.) Look at (and listen to) this example for the word plastic. There are 2 syllables. Syllable #1 is stressed. example phonetic spelling: dictionary A phonetic spelling: dictionary B PLAS TIC /plæs'tIk/ /'plæs tIk/ Why is Word Stress Important? Word stress is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese or French for example, pronounce each syllable with eq-ual em-pha-sis. Other languages, English for example, use word stress. Word stress is not an optional extra that you can add to the English language if you want. It is part of the language! English speakers use word stress to communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult conditions. If, for example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word because of the position of the stress. Think again about the two words photograph and photographer. Now imagine that you are speaking to somebody by telephone over a very bad line. You cannot hear clearly. In fact, you hear only the first two syllables of one of these words, photo... Which word is it, photograph or photographer? Of course, with word stress you will know immediately which word it is because in reality you will hear either PHOto... or phoTO... So without hearing the whole word, you probably know what the word is ( PHOto...graph or phoTO...grapher). It's magic! (Of course, you also have the 'context' of your conversation to help you.) This is a simple example of how word stress helps us understand English. There are many, many other examples, because we use word stress all the time, without thinking about it. SEMI-VOWELS Semi-vowels are like vowels in the vibrating of the vocal folds, and like diphongs they are characterized by a transition between two vowel-formations. The distinction between dipthongs and semi-vowels is that semi-vowels have a greater constriction in the vocal tract and that the transition occurs much faster--this produces a weaker yet swifter transition of formants. There are also two divisions of semi-vowels: glides and liguids. Liguids have an even tighter constriction than the glides, and the tongue is shaped in such a way as to form "side-branches" that induce anti-resonance.

الكاتب:	Safwat [ الخميس يناير 24, 2008 4:02 pm ]
عنوان المشاركة:	عن علم اللغة التطبيقي 4th year (معلومات سريعة و عامة) بسيطة
بتمنى من كل مين بيقدر يضيف معلومات بتهمنا ما يقصر ...خلونا نتعاون بهل المادة

الكاتب:	الملاك [ الخميس يناير 24, 2008 7:09 pm ]
عنوان المشاركة:	عن علم اللغة التطبيقي 4th year (معلومات سريعة و عامة) بسيطة
يسلمو ايديك يا شهم والله أنا ما بقدر ضيف لأني مقصرة بس إذا بتسألوني أي سؤال....أي سؤال بعرف جاوب ان شالله بس بالعربي يعني إذا حدا ما فهمان شي شغلة عنجد أنا بهالناحية كفو ويسلمو ايديك صفوة.......يا هيرو

الكاتب:	Safwat [ الخميس يناير 24, 2008 10:02 pm ]
عنوان المشاركة:	عن علم اللغة التطبيقي 4th year (معلومات سريعة و عامة) بسيطة
الملاك, تسلمي يل الملاك, .بعد زمان و الله وين البقايا

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