[align=center]المحاضرة الأولى[/align][/color]
[align=center]Language, linguistics, and Literary Analysis[/align][/color]
[english]What is language?[/english][/color]
[english]1-Icon: if the two are associated by a physical resemblance, like an object and photograph of it, the sign is called an icon.
2-Index: if the relation is one of physical proximity, an between smoke and fire, thunder and lightning, then the sign (smoke, thunder) is called an index.
3-Symbol: if the relation is one of convention, like the relation between a Blake armband an mourning, then the sign is called symbol
So language is symbolic, it is rule governed by convention[/english]
[english]System:[/english][/color]
[english]- Language is systemic. It has a set of organizing principles that control its system.
-Rules of language are constitutive rather than prescriptive.
-The linguist's rules describe how a language is; they do not prescribe how it should be spoken.[/english]
[english]Language Universal:[/english][/color]
[english]1-Creativity[/english][/color]
[english]Creativity is a linguistic universal, that is, a characteristic shared by all human. Anyone who knows a language, is able to produce and understand utterance which have never been heard before but which are possible within the system.[/english]
[english]2-Ambiguity:[/english][/color]
[english]Ambiguity in language results from the fact that there is not always a one-to-one correspondence between expression and meaning.
Eg:"I speak to you as a mother"
The sentence is ambiguous because it can have two meanings.
I (as a mother) speak to you.
I speak to you (as you are a mother)
So, it is decided by the context.
The distinction between ambiguity and vagueness is; ambiguity involves two or more different meanings for one word or sentence.
But vagueness has to do with lack of specificity.
Eg : I know some French[/english]
[english]Language as Action in Context:[/english][/color]
[english]1- Speech acts.
2-Shared world of discourse.
3-Language function in giving names to concepts or things.
4-Language function in describing and defining objects. A language used for definitions and descriptions is called a "metalanguage".[/english]
[english]Contextual factors:[/english][/color]
[english]1- Participants.
2-Backgrounds or places
3-Mood
4-Channel.[/english]

هي كانت المحاضرة الأولى والمسا انشالله بنزل التانية والتالتة للاسف ما حضرتا
متل العادة ما في اماكن
ونصيحة يا جماعة اللي بيقدر يحضر يجي يحضر هي المحاضرة لأنو الدكتورة قال انو الأسئلة ممكن تكون من اللي عم تكتبن على اللوح او من شرحها هية مو بس من الكتاب
وطمنتنا انو الأسئلة ما ح تكون سهلة ابدا
ف عنجد الله يعينا على هالمادة

[align=center]المحاضرة الثانية[/align]
[align=center][english]Language, linguistics, and Literary Analysis[/english][/align]

[english][align=center]المحاضرة الرابعة

The sounds of English[/align][/color]
Pitch:

-It plays an important role in defining the meaning.
-English is not a tone language, but like other languages of the world, including tone languages, it uses pitch to distinguish meanings of sentences.
Stress:

It is the degree of emphasis which is given to a syllable or more.
The Romance Stress Rules:

- The stress falls on the last syllable when the word ends with two consonants (colla’pse – rep’ent).
- In words which end with one consonant, the stress falls on the syllable before the last one (adm’onish – c’ancel).
- The stress falls on the last syllable although there is one consonant, because we have a diphthongal consonant (disd’ain – al’one ).
- There are many verb- noun pairs in English in which the verb follows the rules just mentioned, while the noun does not.
- We can say that the noun is formed from the verb by moving the stress one syllable back from the end of the word.
[align=center]V N
Impo’rt ‘import
Subj’ect s’ubject
Conv’ert c’onvert
Rec’ord r’ecord[/align]- Stress of sentences: This is the stress that shifts depending on what information the speaker assumes is new to the addressee .
[align=center]I bought the f’ish
I b’ought the fish[/align]
Phonology and literature:

- Alliteration.
- Rhyme .
- Assonance.
- Meter.
- Rhythem.[/english]

[align=center]المحاضرة الخامسة
Morphemes and words:
Introduction to the lexicon[/align][/color]

السلام عليكم ارجو من لديه اسئلة نقد 1 الدورة التكميلية وشكرا الكم

Thank you!

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