آرتيني جديد
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اشترك في: السبت أكتوبر 17, 2009 6:21 pm
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مشاركات: 3
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القسم: English
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السنة: third year
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Linguistic language :
When you know a language, you can produce sounds and be understood by others. On the other hand, the deaf persons produce and understand sign language just as persons produce and understand spoken language.
Speakers of English can produce a sentence having two relative clauses without knowing what relative clause is.
Knowledge of the sound systemPage 4 -5
Knowledge of words
Knowing the sounds and sound patterns in our language constitutes only on one part of our linguistic language. In addition to that, knowing a language knows that certain sound sequences signify certain concept or meaning. When you know a language you know words in that language.
If you do not know language, the words of this language will be extremely incomprehensible, because the relationship between speech sounds and the meaning they represented in the language of the world is an arbitrary one.
The Creativity of linguistic knowledge
Knowledge of a language enables you to combine the words of this language to form phrases, and phrases make you able to combine sentences. It is a true that there is no dictionary contains all the sentences of a language because it seems like something impossible. Knowing a language means you have that ability to create sentences which you have never heard or spoken. The linguist Noam Chomsky refers to this ability as a part of the creative aspect of language use. Not every speaker of a language can create great literature, but all persons who know a language can create new sentences when you speak and understand new sentences created by others
In other words, knowing a language makes it possible to understand and produce new sentences.
Knowledge of sentences
Knowing the words of a language is not enough to learn it. In other words, linguistic knowledge includes RULES for forming sentences. These rules should be finite in length and number so that they can be stored in our finite brains.
A language consists of all the sounds, words, and possible sentences. When you know a language, you know the sounds, the words, and the rules for their combination.
Competence: having a language
Performance: The application of this knowledge
Descriptive Grammars
It does not tell you how you should speak, but it describes your basic linguistic knowledge. It explains how it is possible for you to speak and understand, and it tells what you know about the sound, words, and sentences of your language.
Grammar permits us either to speak a language or to speak a bout language.
Every sentence it has a noun phrase subject and a verb phrase predicate , and when we say that a sentence is grammatical means that it is conformed to rules , and ungrammatical sentences mean that it is deviated in some way from these rules .
If , however , a rule agrees with English but it does not agree with your situation as a speaker , then Grammar we are describing differs from that representing linguistic competence. Every grammar is equally complex, logical and capable of producing an infinite set of sentences to express any thought
No grammar, therefore no language, is superior or inferior to any other.
Prescriptive Grammars
From the ancient time until the present Purists have believed that the language change is corruption and there is a correct form that all educated people should use it in writing and speaking. The Alexandrians. In the first century, the Arabic scholar in Basra in the eighty century and a numerous number of English grammarians held this view. They wished to prescribe rather than describe the rule of grammar. Which rise to writing of prescriptive grammars? Their goal does not to describe the rule people know, but to tell them what rule should know.
Linguists object to prescriptivism for a number of reasons. The view is elitists, in that they assume that the linguistic grammars and usage of a particular group of society are the only correct ones. Prescriptivists, for the most part, seem to have a little knowledge of the history of the language and less about the nature of language. They seem to be unaware of the fact that all dialects are rule governed and what is grammatical in a language may be ungrammatical in another language.
Linguistically, the standard dialect is not a better form of the language.
Teaching grammars states the rule of the language, lists the words and their pronunciation, and aids in learning a new language or dialect. It is often difficult for adults to learn a second language without instructed even if they live for an extend period in the country where the language is spoken. Teaching grammars assume that the students have already known about one language and compare the grammar of the target language with the grammar of the native language. The meaning of a word is given by providing Gloss. It is assumed that the students know the meaning of the gloss house in English, and the word maison in French.
 
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