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الكاتب:	عامر الرشواني [ الأربعاء مايو 30, 2007 4:33 am ]
عنوان المشاركة:	Short Summary For Death of a Salesman
Short Summary [align=left] Willy Loman, a mercurial sixty-year old salesman with calluses on his hands, returns home tired and confused. His wife Linda greets him, but worries that he has smashed the car. He reassures her that nothing has happened, but tells her that he only got as far as Yonkers and does not remember the entire details of his trip; he kept swerving onto the shoulder of the road, and had to drive slowly to return home. Linda tells him that he needs to rest his mind, and that he should work in New York, but he feels that he is not needed there. He thinks that if Frank Wagner were alive he would be in charge of New York, but his son, Howard, does not appreciate Willy. Linda tells him how Happy, his younger son, took Biff, his eldest son, out on a double-date, and it was nice to see them both at home. She reminds Willy not to lose his temper around Biff, but Willy feels that there is an undercurrent of resentment in Biff, but Linda says that Biff is crestfallen and admires Willy. They argue about whether or not Biff is lazy, but Willy finally believes that Biff is a person who will get started later in life, such as Edison or B.F. Goodrich. Biff Loman, at thirty-four, is well-built but not at all self-assured, while Happy, two years younger, is equally tall and powerful, with a visible sexuality, but is also confused because he has never risked failure. The two brothers discuss their father, thinking that his condition is degeriorating. Biff wonders why his father mocks him, but Happy says that he merely wants Biff to make good. Biff claims he has had twenty or thirty different jobs since he left home before the war, but has been fired from each. He reminisces about herding cattle and wistfully remembers working outdoors. Biff worries that he is merely a boy even at his age, while Happy says that he has his own car and apartment and plenty of women, but is still unfulfilled, for he believes that he shouldn't have to take orders at work from men over whom he is physically superior. He also talks about how he has no respect for the women he seduces, and wants a woman with character, such as their mother. Biff thinks he may work for Bill Oliver, for whom he worked years ago but quit because he stole a carton of basketballs from him. The play then shifts in time to the Loman house years before, when Biff and Happy were teenagers. Willy reminds the teenage Biff not to make promises to any girls, because they will always believe what you tell them and he is too young to seriously consider them. Happy brags that he is losing weight, while Biff shows Willy a football he took from the locker room. Willy claims that someday he'll have his own business like Charley, their next door neighbor, but will be bigger than Charley, because Charley is "liked, but not well-liked." Willy brags about meeting the mayor of Providence and knowing the finest people in New England. Bernard, Charley's son, enters and tells Willy that he is worried that Biff will fail math and not be able to atend UVA. Willy tells Bernard not to be a pest and to leave. After Bernard leaves, Willy tells his sons that Bernard, like Charley, is liked but not well-liked. Willy claims that, although Bernard gets the best grades in school, in the business world it is personality that matters and his sons will succeed. After the boys, Linda enters and Willy discusses his worry that people don't respect him, but Linda reassures him that people do, and in particular his sons idolize him. Miller then segues back to the past for a short scene that takes place in a hotel room in Boston. A nameless woman puts on a scarf and Willy tells her that he gets lonely and worries about his business. The woman claims that she picked Willy for his sense of humor, and Willy promises to see her the next time he is in Boston. Willy, back in the kitchen with Linda, scolds Linda for mending her stocking, for he claims that she should not have to do such things. He goes out on the porch, where he tells Bernard to give Biff the answers to the Regents exam, but Bernard refuses because it is a State exam. Linda tells Willy that Biff is too rough with the girls, while Bernard says that Biff is driving without a license and will flunk Math. Willy, who hears the voice of the woman from the hotel room, screams at Linda that there is nothing wrong with Biff, and asks her if she wants her son to be a worm like Bernard. Linda, in tears, exits into the living room. The play returns to the present day, where Willy tells Happy how he nearly hit a kid in Yonkers with his car, and wonders why he didn't go to Alaska with his brother Ben, who ended up with diamond mines and came out of the jungle rich at twenty-one. Happy tells his father that he will retire him. Charley enters, and he and Willy play cards. Charley offers Willy a job, which insults him, and they argue over the ceiling that Willy put up in his living room. Willy tells Charley that Ben died several weeks ago in Africa. Willy hallucinates that Ben enters, carrying a valise and umbrella, and asks about their mother. Finally Charley becomes unnerved by Willy's hallucination and leaves. The play returns to the past, where Willy introduces his sons to Ben, whom he calls a great man. Ben in turn boasts that his father was a great man and inventor. Willy shows off his sons to Ben, who tells them never to fight fair with a stranger, for he would never get out of the jungle that way. Charley reprimands Willy for letting his sons steal from the nearby construction site, but Willy says that he has a couple of "fearless characters." While Charley says that the jails are full of fearless characters, Ben says that so is the stock exchange. The play returns to the present, where Happy and Biff ask Linda how long Willy has been talking to himself. Linda claims that this has been going on for years, and she would have told Biff if she had an address where she could contact him. She confronts Biff over his animosity toward Willy, but Biff claims that he is trying to change. He tells Linda that she should dye her hair again, for he doesn't want his mother to look old. Linda asks Biff if he cares about Willy, for if he does not he cannot care about her. Finally she tells her sons that Willy attempted suicide by trying to drive his car off a bridge, and by hooking a tube up to the gas heater in the basement. She says that Willy is not a great man, but is a human being and "attention must be paid." Finally Biff relents and promises not to fight with his father, and tells his parents that he will go to see Bill Oliver to talk about a sporting goods business he could start with Happy. Willy claims that if Biff had stayed with Oliver he'd be on top now. The next day, Willy sits in the kitchen, rested for the first time in months. Linda claims that Biff has a new, hopeful attitude, and the two dream about buying a little place in the country, Willy claims that he will talk to Howard Wagner today and ask to be taken off the road. As soon as Willy leaves, Linda gets a phone call from Biff. She tells him that the pipe Willy connected to the gas heater is gone. At the office of Howard Wagner, Willy's boss, Howard shows Willy his new wire recorder as Willy attempts to ask for a job in New York. Howard insists that Willy is a road man, but Willy claims that he has been in the firm since Howard was a child, and even named him. Willy claims that there is no room for personality or friendship in the salesman position anymore, and begs for any sort of salary, giving lower and lower figures. He insists that Howard's father made promises to Willy. Howard leaves, and Willy leans on his desk, turning on the wire recorder. This frightens Willy, who shouts for Howard, who returns exasperated and fires Willy, telling him that he needs a good, long rest and should now rely on his sons. Willy then hallucinates that Ben enters and Linda, as a young woman, tells Willy that he should stay in New York, for not everybody has to conquer the world and Frank Wagner promised that Willy will someday be a member of the firm. Willy tells the younger versions of Biff and Happy that it's Œwho you know' that matters. Bernard arrives, and begs Biff to let him carry his helmet to the big game at Ebbets Field, while Willy becomes insulted that Charley may have forgotten about the game. The play returns to the present day, where the adult Bernard sits in his father's office. His father's secretary, Jenny, enters and tells Bernard that Willy is shouting in the hallway. Willy talks to Bernard, whose wife just had their second son and who will argue a case in Washington soon. Willy wonders why Biff's life ended after the Ebbets Field game, and Bernard asks why Willy didn't make Biff to go summer school so he could go to UVA. Bernard pinpoints Biff's failures to his visit to his father in New England, after which Biff burned his UVA sneakers, and wonders what happened during that visit. Charley enters, and tells Willy how Bernard will argue a case in front of the Supreme Court. Charley offers Willy a job, which he refuses out of pride. Charley criticizes Willy for thinking that personality is the great criterion in business. Willy remarks that a person is worth more dead than alive, and tells Charley that, even though they dislike one another, Charley is the only friend he has. At the restaurant where Willy is to meet his sons, Happy flirts with a woman and tells her that Biff is a quarterback with the New York giants. Biff admits to Happy that he did a terrible thing during his meeting with Bill Oliver. Bill did not remember Biff, who pocketed his fountain pen before he left. Biff insists that they tell their father about this tonight, to prove that he did not lying about his failures to spite Willy. Willy arrives and tells his sons that he was fired. Although Biff tries to lie to Willy about his meeting, Biff and Willy fight when Willy thinks that he insulted him. Biff finally gives up and tries to explain. As this occurs, Willy hallucinates about arguing with the younger version of Biff. Miss Forsythe, the woman with whom Happy was flirting, returns with another woman and prepares to go out on a double date with Happy and Biff. Happy denies that Willy is their father. Willy imagines being back in the hotel room in Boston with the woman. The teenage Biff arrives at the hotel and tells Willy about how he failed math, and begs his father to talk to Mr. Birnbaum. Biff hears the woman, who is hiding in the bathroom. Willy lies to Biff, telling him that the woman is merely there to take a shower because she is staying in the next room, where the water is broken, but Biff realizes what has occurred. Willy throws the woman out, and she yells at him for the promises he made to her. Willy admits the affair to Biff, but promises that the woman meant nothing to him and that he was lonely. At the restaurant, Stanley the waiter helps Willy and tells him that his sons left with two women. Willy insists that he find a seed store so that he can do some planting. When Biff and Happy return home, they find Linda there and give her flowers. She asks them if they care whether their father lives or dies, and says that they wouldn't abandon a random stranger at the restaurant as they did their father. Willy is planting in the garden. He imagines talking to Ben about his funeral, and claims that people will come to everywhere to his funeral, because he is well known, but Ben says that Willy will be a coward if he commits suicide. Willy tells Biff that he cut his life down for spite, and refuses to take the blame for Biff's failure. Biff confronts him about the rubber tube attached to the gas heater, and tells his mother that it was he, not Willy, who took it away. Biff also admits that his parents could not contact him because he was in jail for three months. Biff insists that men like he and Willy are a dime a dozen, but Willy claims otherwise. Biff cries for his father, asking him to give up his dreams, but Willy is merely amazed that he would cry for his father. Happy vows to get married and settle down, while everybody but Willy goes to sleep. Willy talks to Ben, then rushes out of the house and speeds out in his car. Happy and Biff come downstairs in jackets, while Linda walks out in mourning clothes and places flowers down in Willy's grave. At Willy's funeral, only his family and Charley attend. Linda wonders where everybody else is, and says that they have made their final house payment and are free and clear after thirty-five years. Biff claims that Willy had the wrong dreams, but Charley says that a salesman must dream, and for a salesman there is no rock bottom in life. Biff asks Happy to leave the city with him, but Happy vows to stay in New York and prove that his father did not die in vain. Everybody leaves but Linda, who remains at the grave and says how she made the final house payment.[/align]

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