Some important definitions:

 
Applied Linguistics

Linguistics is the science of language or the specific study of language. It is the branch that deal With language. It includes the study of :
1- Phonetics and phonology
2-Morphology
3- Syntax
4-Symantics

Phonetics and phonology:

Phonetics is the study of nature, production, and perception of the sounds of speech, in abstraction from the phonology of any specific language. It is divided according to the specific aspects investigated such as acoustic phonetics and articulatory phonetics.

Acoustic Phonetics:
The study of the physical characteristics of speech sounds.

Articulatory Phonetics:
The study of how the vocal tract produces speech sounds; the physiological characteristics of speech sounds.

Auditory Phonetics:
The study of the perception of speech sounds.

Phonology is the branch of linguistics which is concerned with identifying those groups of sounds that can be distinctive in a language and with establishing how they can be put together to form a sequence.

International phonetics Alphabet(I PA)is the system of phonetic transcription and promoted by the International Phonetic Association.

Phonotactics: phonotactics studies the way in which sounds are grouped together to form words.
It is as aspect of phonotactics in English that words can begin with a sequence of consonants such As "strength" which has the internal structure CCCVCCC [C= consonant, V= vowel].

Morphology:

Morphology is the study of the structure of words in a language, including patterns of inflection and derivation.

A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has meaning .
for example, Educationally [educate + tion + al + ly]this word consists of 4 morphemes.
"a" is a morpheme in English because it has a grammatical meaning; it is the indefinite article in English . "A boy" is different from "the boy".

Derivation: derivation changes a word from one grammatical category to another by adding affixes (suffixes, infixes , and prefixes).Examples are : promote (v)  promotion (n)
desire (v)  desirable (adj)
national(adj)  nationality(n)



In case of verbs : tense is changed by inflection . Examples are
Play +ed  past
play +ing  progressive
play +ed  past participle
ed= inflectional morphemes.
{Verbs inflect for tense when we add the inflectional morphemes }

In case of nouns: nouns inflect for number, gender, and case.
"s" in English is an inflectional morpheme because it changes a noun from singular into plural.
Example : book  books

"ess" in English is an inflectional morpheme because it changes a word from male to female.
Example: poet  poetess, tiger tigress, actor  actress.
But this is not a productive rule because it can't be applied
widely to most cases in English .

Syntax:

Syntax is concerned with the ordering of and relationship between words, and other structural elements is phrases and sentences.
The main rule in English syntax is [ S + V + O ]. It counts for grammatically of sentences and their well-formedness. e.g " she sleep at 10 o'clock" is grammatically incorrect because it violates the rule of syntax that the verb should take an "s" in the simple present tense if the subject is third person singular.

Semantics:

Semantics is the study of how meaning in language is created by the use and interrelationships of words, phrases, and sentences.
For example, "The sun smiles while the moon sleeps" is grammatically correct but the meaning is not well-formed . This sentence is accepted only in figurative language; we can accept it as a metaphor, but not literary speaking because "smiling" and "sleeping" are human characteristics [+ human]



Applied Linguistics:

It is a branch of knowledge where the primary concern is the application of linguistic theories, methods, and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in relation to other areas of experience.
Thus, we have sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, stylistics, historical and comparative linguistics,Typology, dialectology, lexicography, computational, linguistics, etc.
{This term we will focus on stylistics as a branch of applied linguistics that shows the relationship between language and literature}.

Stylistics:

Stylistics studies the styles of literature in relation to language literary texts such as cohesion or internal patterning and the repetition of syntactic structures, and sometimes lexical items.
Lexical and syntactic parallel is quite obvious and transparent in literary texts than others. Linguistics provides us with tools to see how cohesion is created at the level of literary discourse.

Sociolinguistics:

Sociolinguistics is the study of the interrelationships between language and social and cultural factors. It focuses on issues like gender and class to show how language users differ from male to female and from upper classes to middle and lower classes.
-It shows how speakers use different languages when they speak to different people according to gender, class, age, race, and degree of formality.
-It also tackles code- mixing when one person mixes words from one language to another (as Sami Yusif does in his song "Hasbi Rabbi".
Sociolinguistics also tackles issues related to language shift and language maintenance, language planning, the need for national syllabus, multilingualism, etc .

Psycholinguistics:

Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to psychological factors.
Psycholinguistics tackles issues such as: language perception, comprehension, and production: it shows how the brain functions while receiving linguistic data and storing it and responding to it. It examines pathology and some problems related to the use of language such as aphasia and amnesia.
It studies the phenomenon of left-handeness , the process of acquisition and learning a first and second language, etc .

القلب الصادق,
شكرا الك والله يعطيك العافية..انا قريت التعاريف فعلا كويسات كتير كتير يسلمو