Kinds of sentences:
1. Simple sentence:
It has one main or independent clause- one subject-verb relationship.
-        The car stopped.
-        We were happy to see him.

a- A simple sentence can have a compound subject- Two or more subjects joined by a coordinator.
       - Sami and Chris were late.  
       - Sami, Chris and I were late.  
b- A simple sentence can have a compound verb- two or more verbs joined by a coordinator.

•        Huda ate pancake and drank coffee.
•        I played computer games and watched TV.

c- A simple sentence can have a compound subject and a compound verb.
        -  Huda and Sami ate pancake and drank coffee.
       - Chris and I played computer games and watched TV.
2. Compound Sentence
It is two or more independent clauses joined together. Each clause is of equal importance and could stand alone.

There are three ways to join independent clauses to form a compound sentence:
1. With coordinator. FAN BOYS  (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

       Independent clause ,+ Coordinator + Independent clause  
•        Ahmed likes watching TV, and Jamila likes watching TV too.
•        He was poor, but he lived happily.
•        It was cold outside, so Huda put on a heavy coat.
•        You can attend the lesson, or I will ask someone to attend on your behalf.

2. With a conjunctive adverb such as therefore, however, furthermore, besides,
       Independent clause; Conjunctive Adverb, Independent clause

•        He was very ill; therefore, he decided to take the day off.
•        He was poor; however, he lived happily.
3. With a semicolon.
       Independent clause; Independent clause
This is used when the two independent clauses are closely related.
•        My father is a headmaster; my mother is a schoolteacher.  
1.        Complex sentence:
It is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. One clause is more important than the other one.
1. We had to go inside when it started raining.
2. As long as it's not raining, it does not matter if it rains.
3. We won because the team worked together.
a- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
b- If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
c- Gerald had to rewrite his homework when his computer crashed.

1. Identify the sentence structure of each of the following sentences:
1.        Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the capital of Ontario.
2.        I do not own a Porsche.
3.        Call your father as soon as you arrive in Cairo.
4.        I ate lunch and left the restaurant.
5.        Unless my friend postpones her visit from Ramallah, I will not have time to study for my exam.  
6.        The football game was cancelled because it was raining.
7.        The football game was cancelled because of the rain.
8.        When she arrives, she will start her work immediately.

2. Complete the following sentences making a compound sentence:

1.        It's warm out today, ___________ let's go to the park this afternoon.
2.        Jogging is a popular form of exercise, ________ doctors don't recommend it.
3.        The waves were high and rough, yet __________________
4.        This is the last day of the semester, so ________________
5.        5. T really enjoyed reading the novel, and ______________

2. Complete the following sentences making complex sentences:

1.        While John was baking cookies, __________________________
2.        Whenever Mona feels depressed, __________________________
3.        When Hani left me, ______________________
4.        When the sun began to rise, ___________________
5.        I won't do any more work until ______________________

3. Complete the following sentences making complex sentences:

1.        The apartment __________ I lived in last semester was noisy ________ it was next to the bus station.
2.        This new shirt _____ you wore to school looked so comfortable, ____ please tell me ________ you bought them.
3.        ________ Sami's family were very close, they were all independent, ______ they enjoyed doing things on their own.
4.        _____ you were making the homemade ice cream, I was cutting the pie, ______ the pie won't be ready to serve ____ it cools.
Fragments: A fragment is an incomplete piece -- a fragment -- of a sentence. To test for a fragment, see if it can stand alone and still mean something. If it cannot, it is a fragment.
1. Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school.
Problem:         This is a subordinate clause.
To correct:         Attach it to an independent clause.
Complete Sentence:         Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to full-time classwork, they have very little free time.
2. For example, the increase in the cost of renting an apartment.
Problem:         No main verb.
To correct:         Rewrite the sentence so that it has a subject and a verb.
Complete Sentence:         For example, the cost of renting an apartment has increased.
3. Having no money and being lonely in the big city.
Problem:         This is a participial phrase. It has no subject or verb.
To correct:         (a) Rewrite the phrase to include a subject and a verb.
(b) Attach the phrase to an independent clause.
Complete Sentences:         (a) She had no money and was lonely in the big city.
(b) Having no money and being lonely in the big city, the woman committed suicide.

Look at the following examples:

1- I like ice cream. Especially chocolate.
2- We all ran inside. Because it was bitterly cold.
3- Some people are amazingly inconsiderate. My roommate, for example.

Fixing fragments:
• attach the fragment with a comma, dash or colon, if appropriate
• attach the fragment to the sentence it belongs to
• turn the fragment into a new sentence by creating a subject and verb

4. I like ice cream, especially chocolate.
5. We all ran inside because it was bitterly cold.
6. Some people are amazingly inconsiderate. My roommate is one of them.
Act as an editor and mark either a C if the sentence is complete or F if the sentence is a fragment and correct it.  

____ 1. I attended Nasser High School. Which was a bad experience.
____ 2. The view was filled with beauty. Such as the sun sending its brilliant rays to the earth.  
____ 3. He talked for fifty minutes without taking his eyes off his notes. Like other teachers in that department.  
____ 4. In each group, a wide range of things to choose from. It was difficult to distinguish between them.
____ 5. The magazine has a reputation for sophisticated readers. Although this just an opinion and not a true premise.
____ 6. In the seventh grade every young boy goes out for football. To prove to himself and his parents that he is a man.
____7. As the summer holiday grows near, I find myself looking back into my childhood days at fun-filled times of snowball fights. To think about this makes me happy.
____8. Making up his mind quickly. Jim ordered two large-size pizzas.  
____9. They were all having a good time. Until one of Jim's oldest and best friends had a stomachache.
____10. Although it only attained a speed of about twelve kilometers an hour. My old rowboat with its three-horsepower motor seemed like a high-speed job to me.
2- Identify the fragments in this paragraph and fix them.

       Driving through the landscape of southern Utah at dusk was a little frightening. It was very dark. No cars on the road. Just a long white line ahead of me, under my lights. I had wanted to drive down the dirt road that led to the Valley of the Gods, where I heard there were some beautiful rock formations, but suddenly I didn’t dare. Someone had told me that this was the part of the desert where the shape shifters lived. Shape shifters are said to be native Americans who have the power to change their shape. Not always for good purposes. So, I kept going. Even though I was tempted to stop. Now I am sorry. Because I will probably never get another chance to go back there.



1- Join each pair of the following simple sentences into complex ones:

1.        The coat is very big. I connot wear it.
      ___________________________________________________________

2.        The book is very interesting. Dennis bought it last week.
      ___________________________________________________________

3.        I heard the door bill. I went to see who it was.
      ___________________________________________________________

4.        The police went to the place. They might see the scene of the crime.
      ___________________________________________________________

5.        Alice hurt herself. She was trying to repair the broken window.
      ___________________________________________________________

6.        Janet is very smart. Everyone knows this.
      ___________________________________________________________

7.        My brother went to Germany. He met his cousin there.
      ___________________________________________________________

8.    Some believe the Institute should be held accountable for the suicides of its students. Others disagree.
      ___________________________________________________________

2-  Complete the following making compound sentences:

1- George wants to be healthy, ________________________________________

2- I wanted to attend an excellent university, ____________________________

3-  Open your arms to change, but _____________________________________

4- His voice was weak, ____________________________________________

5-  Laila went to the hospital, _______________________________________

6- Many accidents have occurred while drivers were speaking on cell phones, __
   _____________________________________________________________________
3- Join the following short sentences

1- Lana is good at singing. She has a beautiful voice. She was born in Cairo. She is my favorite star. She likes to sing since she was a child.

2- Wayne Rooney is my favorite football star. He was born in England. He is Man United member. He is one of the most powerful strikers in the world. He is good at striking on goal. He is my hero.
Use a comma
1. After introductory words
During the summer of 1999, we visited Spain. Unfortunately, we did not speak Spanish.

2. Before conjunctions
•        Clinton was reckless, but he was popular with the general public.
•        Cuba is facing a new crisis, for its supply of Venezuelan oil has been cut

3. After dependent clauses
•        Although I was sick, I went to my classes.
•        Because it was raining, the game was called off.

4. To set off extra information
Jeb Bush, who is the president’s brother, is the governor of Florida. Jeb does not have presidential ambitions, apparently. In any case, that is what people are saying, although this may change.

The following paragraphs have no capital letters or periods to mark the ends of sentences. Add capitals, periods, and any commas that may be needed to make the word groups into complete sentences.  


1)-       
       although many people enjoy coffee they find that it can make them nervous and irritable if they drink too much of it caffeine which is the primary active ingredient in coffee can become addictive many people find that when they try to quit drinking coffee they often develop headaches and other symptoms of withdrawal. furthermore it has been found that caffeine may contribute to breast disease in women under forty one must admit however that there is nothing like a good cup of coffee first thing in the morning personally I cannot imagine life without it.
2)-
       my brother was always my best friend when I was a child especially as we two were almost alone in the world we lived with our old grandmother in a little house, almost a shack, in the country whenever I think of him now I see a solemn, responsible boy a boy too old for his years who looked our for me no matter what once there was a bully John Anson who looked enormous to me though he was probably an average twelve-year-old John had it in for me because he liked Lucy Graham who liked me he decided to beat me up right before her eyes I was lucky my brother came by he didn't interfere he just stood there somehow, though, his presence gave me confidence if my brother hadn't been there I don't think I could have been beaten up.