أهلا بك زائرنا الكريم في منتديات آرتين لتعليم اللغات (^_^)
اليوم هو الخميس آذار 28, 2024 5:36 م
اسم المستخدم : الدخول تلقائياً
كلمة المرور :  
لوحة الإعلانات الإدارية

عذراً أخوتي .. تم إيقاف تسجيل الأعضاء الجدد في آرتين حتى إشعار آخر


آخر المشاركات

  ... آرتين ...   » لابدّ أن أستأذن الوطن .... نزار قباني *  .:. آخر رد: محمدابو حمود  .:.  الردود: 4   ... آرتين ...   » لا يصلح العطار ما افسدة الدهر  .:. آخر رد: محمد الربيعي  .:.  الردود: 2   ... آرتين ...   » مناقشة كتاب"Translation with Reference to English & Arabic"  .:. آخر رد: Jordan  .:.  الردود: 124   ... آرتين ...   » المعرب و الدخيل و المولد ... تتمة  .:. آخر رد: aaahhhmad  .:.  الردود: 6   ... آرتين ...   » تحميل ملف  .:. آخر رد: مصطفى العلي  .:.  الردود: 0   ... آرتين ...   » The Best Short Stories of J.G. bialard The Terminal Beach  .:. آخر رد: المرعاش  .:.  الردود: 0   ... آرتين ...   » هام للطلاب الي بيواجهوا صعوبه بمادة الصوتيا  .:. آخر رد: bassam93  .:.  الردود: 16   ... آرتين ...   » مساعدة مشروع تخرج عن تراجيديات شكسبير  .:. آخر رد: ahmadaway  .:.  الردود: 0   ... آرتين ...   » نتائج سنوات 2009 2010 2011  .:. آخر رد: أبو عمر  .:.  الردود: 0   ... آرتين ...   » نتائج سنوات 2009 2010 2011  .:. آخر رد: أبو عمر  .:.  الردود: 0

جميع الأوقات تستخدم GMT + ساعتين [ DST ]


قوانين المنتدى


- يمكنكم في أي وقت زيارة قسم مكتبة اللغة الإنجليزية لنشر أو تحميل الكتب أو البرامج المتعلقة بهذا القسم .


إرسال موضوع جديد الرد على الموضوع  [ 5 مشاركة ] 
الكاتب رسالة
  • عنوان المشاركة: English language structure
مرسل: الأربعاء كانون الثاني 04, 2012 11:13 ص 
آرتيني جديد
آرتيني جديد
اشترك في: 04 كانون الثاني 2012
المواضيع: 1
المشاركات: 1
القسم: اللغة الانجليزية
السنة: متخرج
لا يوجد لدي مواضيع بعد

:: ذكر ::


غير متصل
Does "english language structure" mean all the grmattical rules of the engliah language ?
If someone has booklets on this topic , will he / she provide me with the same.
thanks.
abu firas


أعلى .:. أسفل
 يشاهد الملف الشخصي  
 
  • عنوان المشاركة: English language structure
مرسل: الخميس كانون الثاني 05, 2012 2:42 ص 
مشرفة قسم قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية
مشرفة قسم قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية
صورة العضو الشخصية
اشترك في: 11 آذار 2008
المواضيع: 39
المشاركات: 912
المكان: حمــــــــــــــــــــــــاه
القسم: ترجمة/لغـة إنكليـزية
السنة: Graduated
لا يوجد لدي مواضيع بعد

:: أنثى ::


غير متصل
 
Your welcome,
I can say that "sentences" are the basic elements to form "the structure", I mean, you should build the sentences correctly in order to form the structure.
Sometime you may write a sentence, and it may be right, but its structure is not right,  I mean it is not understood by English culture.
So, I can say that English Structure depends on right grammar.
Is it clear now? :)

_________________
التوقيع صورة

When we are unable to find tranquillity within ourselves, it is useless to seek it elsewhere


أعلى .:. أسفل
 يشاهد الملف الشخصي  
 
  • عنوان المشاركة: English language structure
مرسل: الخميس كانون الثاني 05, 2012 4:41 م 
آرتيني مؤسس
آرتيني مؤسس
صورة العضو الشخصية
اشترك في: 01 آذار 2007
المواضيع: 608
المشاركات: 7325
المكان: حمص - دمشق
القسم: اللغة الانكليزية
السنة: دبلوم ترجمة - متخرج
الاسم: أبو آدم
لا يوجد لدي مواضيع بعد

:: ذكر ::


غير متصل
 
abu firas,  
Welcme brother
Ranaa,  
Thank you sister and let me add this important article by Mr. Musallam Kompaz , my brother and friend , and you will enlarge your look about structure and functiom

_________________
التوقيع
صورة
بتمنى تتابعوا صفحتي عالفيس بوك
عنوانها :
( صفوة لتعليم اللغة الإنكليزية و الترجمة )


أعلى .:. أسفل
 يشاهد الملف الشخصي  
 
  • عنوان المشاركة: English language structure
مرسل: الخميس كانون الثاني 05, 2012 4:42 م 
آرتيني مؤسس
آرتيني مؤسس
صورة العضو الشخصية
اشترك في: 01 آذار 2007
المواضيع: 608
المشاركات: 7325
المكان: حمص - دمشق
القسم: اللغة الانكليزية
السنة: دبلوم ترجمة - متخرج
الاسم: أبو آدم
لا يوجد لدي مواضيع بعد

:: ذكر ::


غير متصل
 
Structure and Function

Introduction  
The following notes may be of some importance for all those who teach the subject in the high schools of Syria, and that is why they, to the best of my belief, should be taken into consideration.
        There is a mention of the word “adverbial”, which is translated by most teachers as “zarf” i.e. an adverb. We ,teachers, are sometimes not given any clear-cut distinction between an adverb and the word adverbial while discussing the simple sentence pattern (subject verb  adverbial). Most of the students, if not all translate the word in question as “zarf”. Maybe this is due to the wrong translation of this word by most teachers. What I would like to say is that there is a big difference between an adverb and an adverbial.
    An adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies another word (esp. an adjective, a verb, or another adverb) or a word-group , expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree,...etc. (e.g. quietly, gently, then, there) so, an adverb is a pre-modifier of another word in phrases  whereas an adverbial is a syntactic function that can be realized by so many different structures in sentences. An adverb is a structure or a syntactic category i.e. a grammatical class. In very simple terms, a part of speech. Let’s analyze the following sentences in terms of structure and function:  
very strongly.         can blow         1Some winds        
 
adverbial           predicator             subject         Function:
adverb phrase        verb phrase        Noun phrase         Structure:
this morning.         has come            2 The boy        
 
adverbial           predicator             subject         Function:
noun phrase        verb phrase        Noun phrase         Structure:
crying           came back          3 The children        
 
adverbial           predicator             subject         Function:
present participle        verb phrase        Noun phrase         Structure:
 We deduce that this morning, very strongly, crying are different syntactic structures or different grammatical classes, realizing the same syntactic function that is adverbial. So, an adverbial is a syntactic function that can be realized or achieved by several different structures.
 We have to bear in mind that we cannot tell our students that this morning is an adverb, simply because it is not so.  It is a noun or a noun phrase functioning as an adverbial or it is assuming the function of an adverb. It tells us when the boy has come exactly as an adverb does. Here are some more examples of other different structures functioning as adverbials:
   in Hama.          has been living        4 The black man         
 
adverbial           predicator             subject         Function:
prepositional phrase        verb phrase        Noun phrase         Structure:

broken          the table            found          5 The wife         
 
adverbial         object           predicator             subject         Function:
past participle         noun phrase        verb phrase        Noun phrase         Structure:
Also, in sentences (4) and (5), we can never ever say to our students that in in Hama and broken are adverbs, simply because they are not so. They are a prepositional phrase and a past participle functioning as adverbials respectively. An adverbial is a syntactic function and not a syntactic structure. If you insist on translating the word adverbial, you can translate it as Al halia or Al zarfia or Al hal.
Some authors of some textbook give us a good, detailed explanation of the present perfect continuous tense, forgetting intentionally or maybe unintentionally to remind our dear students that such a tense cannot be passivized i.e. it cannot be changed into the passive. That is to say, a sentence like: “He has been eating an apple.” is never used in the passive form. I myself corrected a lot of exam papers containing such intralingual errors. I advise my dear colleagues to draw the attention of their students to this matter in the sense that their students have to be aware of the fact that the present perfect continuous and the past perfect continuous are not to be used in the passive voice.
Identifying Adjective Clauses:
Textbook writers write titles such as “identifying adjective clause” and give one example of a sentence containing an identifying adjective clause without even underlining the clause in question. Then they ask both teachers and students to combine some pairs of sentences, taking for granted that all teachers realize the concept of identifying adjective clauses. Is that true?
 The problem is that these authors do not explain, at least, to the teachers what an identifying adjective clause is and how it is introduced.  They do the same in the secondary stage textbooks.  Throughout my long experience with a large number of teachers, I have found out that a substantial number of them do not have a clear concept of what it is. The questions that can be raised at this point of discussion are the following:  “What is a clause?” “What is a phrase?”  “What is the basic difference between a clause and a phrase?” and “how many types of clauses and phrases are there in English?”  As a teacher, how can I convince my students of my explanation, How can I render my explanation logical to the brilliant ones when presenting adjectives clauses without simplifying and telling them about the nature and some other types of clauses and phrases in English?
     Our students always read these two concepts (a clause–a phrase) in their textbooks without paying much heed to them. I wish my dear colleagues to be patient with me because I want to give them somewhat a prolonged detail of these two concepts. Their role is to internalize and digest these two concepts, and then they can, in simple terms, convey them to their students.
      What is a clause? The answer of this question is very simple. To put it in a nutshell, a clause is a unit of speech that must have a verb of any kind. Now, what is a phrase? The answer is also very simple. It is a unit of speech that mustn’t have a verb of any kind, except the verb phrase whose main head is the verb. Then, the basic difference between a clause and phrase is quite clear.  The former must contain a verb and the latter must not.
 Since we have understood the basic difference between these two concepts, we can continue with the types of clauses in English.  As most of you know, there are several types of clauses in English:
Types of Clauses:
1.         adverbial clauses of time
2.         adverbial clauses of place
3.         adverbial clauses of purpose  
4.         adverbial clauses of manner  
5.         relative clauses or adjectival clauses  
6.         a “that-clause”
7.        infinitive clauses
8.         If-clauses
9.         sentential clauses
10.          infinitive clauses    
11.          participial clauses
12.          noun clauses
Types of Phrases
Also, there are several types of phrases in English. Here are some:
1.        A noun phrase (NP)
2.        An adjective phrase
3.        An adverb phrase
4.        A  prepositional phrase  
5.        A Verb phrase (VP)
boy is a noun the boy, the tall boy are treated as noun phrases, simply because the word boy is the head in all of these phrases. I want now to analyze these noun phrases in terms of the structure and the function of each element.  
 boy           The          1
noun        article        Structure:
head         determiner        Function:

boy          tall          The          2
noun        adjective         article        Structure:
head        pre-modifier         determiner        Function:
   street          long          a        3
noun        adjective         article        Structure:
head        pre-modifier         determiner        Function:
 Here, I have analyzed the elements of some noun phrases.  As you can see, the words boy and street are very essential in these phrases.  If we delete them, there will be no more NPs (noun phrases), but if we delete the words tall and long, the phrases will remain grammatical, so to speak.
 The word rich is an adjective. This is its syntactic category. The rich is treated as an adjective phrase whose main element is rich. It is the head of the adjective phrase.
   rich          The         
adjective        article          Structure:
  head              determiner         Function:
We can come to the conclusion that the head of a noun phrase is the noun and the head of an adjective phrase is the adjective. The same argument can be held true of other phrases. That is to say, the head of an adverb phrase is the adverb and the head of a prepositional phrase is the preposition.
recently        very         
adverb        adverb          Structure:
head        pre-modifier         Function:
very is an adverb of degree; it is optional, but recently is the main element of this adverb phrase.  That is why it cannot be eliminated.  It is basic .It is called the head of the adverb phrase.
The syntactic Functions of Phrases
It is worth mentioning here that these phrases can realize different syntactic functions in sentences. A noun phrase can be the subject or the object of a sentence. e.g.:
  very late.         has arrived          The prime Minister         
 
adverb phrase         verb phrase        noun phrase          Structure:
adverbial          predicator          subject           Function:



the Prime Minister.              have met             The three ladies        
 
     noun phrase        verb phrase          noun phrase        Structure:
object          predicator          subject          Function:



this morning.        have left            The two men        
 
NP         VP            NP         Structure:
adverbial        predicator          subject          Function:



N.B: NP= noun phrase           VP =verb phrase
An adjective phrase can function as a subject or an object in sentences. e.g.:
the poor.        help           The rich         
 
adj. phrase          verb          adj. phrase        Structure:
 object            predicator         subject         Function:



A clause is a speech unit that must contain a verb of any kind and each type of the clauses mentioned earlier is introduced by certain words in English. For example, when introduces adverbial clauses of time.
introduces adverbial clauses of place.        where
introduces adverbial clauses of manner.        how
introduces adverbial clauses of purpose.        so that
introduces relative or adjective clauses.          which
introduces noun clauses.         what
Phrases as well as clauses can have several syntactic functions in sentences and phrases. Let’s analyze some sentences to find out the syntactic functions of clauses in sentences and phrases:
when the supervisor is coming.         doesn’t know        The headmaster        
 
adverbial clause        VP           NP         Structure:
object          predicator        subject          Function:
when he won the prize.           was          His biggest thrill          
 
adverbial clause        VP          NP         Structure:
complement            predicator              subject           Function:
so terrible.         is        How he has committed his crime           
 
adjective phrase          VP            adverbial clause           Structure:
complement         predicator          subject          Function:
divine.         is         To forgive others         
 
adjective phrase        VP           infinitive clause          Structure:
complement        predicator         subject         Function:
to be a civil engineer         is            His ambition         
 
 infinitive clause            VP             NP           Structure:
 complement         predicator          subject         Function:
It is to be noted at this stage of discussion that all the clauses in question fall under two main categories:  
(a) main clauses
(b) subordinate clauses
 A main clause is a clause that can stand on its own and its meaning does not depend on another clause to be clear, whereas a subordinate clause cannot stand on its own and its meaning depends on another clause to be clear and complete. e.g.: which he bought  is a clause . It is a subordinate clause, simply because it cannot stand alone and its meaning depends on what comes before which.If I say: “ The car which he bought”, the meaning becomes clearer to any reader. But, which he bought, is now contained in a noun phrase. Things will be clearer when we analyze the following sentences and phrases:
Conclusion
Last but not least, I hope that these notes on assigned school textbooks in general are of some importance to our dear colleagues and our students who study English literature, especially those who are very much interested in curriculums and who would like to be familiar with clauses and phrases in English and some idiosyncratic properties of the English language. Of course, I cannot go further into the minutest details of all English clauses and phrases. Besides, I do not want teachers to complicate matters to their students, but at least, I have just wanted them to form a good idea about these grammatical notions that may enrich their scope of the course they are teaching. Believe or not, even lazy students have the ability to distinguish the distinguished teachers from the incompetent ones.
  To be a competent teacher entails that you should be aware of most of the branches of linguistics and applied linguistics (syntax, semantics, phonetics psycho-linguistics, socio-linguistics, applied linguistics… etc.). This will enable you to explain your lessons with much more confidence without getting your students involved into superficial complications they do not need.
  As a matter of fact, I have written these notes, especially to our students of English, to the caring teachers, to the devoted teachers, to the ones who like to read extensively, to those who like to be good listeners and good readers, to the teachers who want to enjoy a sharp mentality in grammar, to those who do not mock the mentality of their students, whether they are brilliant or lazy ones. I delivered a three-hour lecture in the Teachers’ Training Service Center in Syria on some of these notions and ideas. That was in 1997. Today, I call upon all the teachers and all students of English everywhere to hold symposiums in which constructive discussions can be fruitful for all. We always say that the teacher is the master of the class and I say s/he should be, first and foremost, the master of the language in order to be able to master his class.  So, I suggest a seminar be held once or twice a year for the teachers of this country in which topics such as grammar, applied linguistics, methodology can be discussed on a wide scale. In applied linguistics, teachers will be acquainted with concepts like mistakes, errors, the types of errors, the difference between errors and mistakes and their causes. This can be performed empirically when analyzing the errors of our students.
   There are still so many unanswered questions related to syntax and methodology in the minds of a great number of teachers and a limited number of brilliant students. Some of these questions are the following: Is subject always the subject of the sentence? Why do we omit the s in phrases like a fifteen-day holiday and a three-year course? Since both present participles and gerunds have the same form (v+ing), what are the criteria we can base on to distinguish between them? How do we recognize that “to” is a part of the infinitive and not a preposition? What is a noun clause? And what are its syntactic functions? What is a cognate object? When are commas used or not used between adjectives? And on presenting such new grammatical concepts to our dear students of English, what approaches should the teacher adopt? Should he/she be behaviouristic or communicative? Or should he follow the cognitive approach?
Written by ( Msallam Kombaz)
References:
1.        Quirk, R. A reference grammar for students of English, Longman Group Ltd. 1975.
2.        Nestfield J.C & Wood F.T Manual of English Grammar & Composition, Wood and Macmillan & Co.Ltd 1964

_________________
التوقيع
صورة
بتمنى تتابعوا صفحتي عالفيس بوك
عنوانها :
( صفوة لتعليم اللغة الإنكليزية و الترجمة )


أعلى .:. أسفل
 يشاهد الملف الشخصي  
 
  • عنوان المشاركة: English language structure
مرسل: الخميس كانون الثاني 05, 2012 8:11 م 
آرتيني نشيط
آرتيني نشيط
صورة العضو الشخصية
اشترك في: 04 نيسان 2011
المواضيع: 45
المشاركات: 439
القسم: English
السنة: Second year
لا يوجد لدي مواضيع بعد

:: أنثى ::


غير متصل
 
Safwat,   Ranaa,  
Thanks to all of you.



Safwat,  
very interesting article. Though it's a little a bit long, I've read it carefully

If you don't mind, I want to discuss with you some points that are mentioned in that article

اقتباس:
..a clause is a unit of speech that must have a verb of any kind. Now, what is a phrase? The answer is also very simple. It is a unit of speech that mustn’t have a verb of any kind, except the verb phrase whose main head is the verb. Then, the basic difference between a clause and phrase is quite clear.  The former must contain a verb and the latter must not.

what makes grammar confusing and complex is that every teacher uses different terms, terminologies and that's why we--students--find grammar a REAL PAIN : )

What I've learnt is the term ''clause''  covers finite , non-finite, and also verbless clause, :For example
when in Rome, do as Romans do.
Whatever their faults, they are not hypocrites
If anything, it seems lighter.

اقتباس:
introduces adverbial clauses of manner.        how

اقتباس:
so terrible.         is        How he has committed his crime           
 
adjective phrase          VP            adverbial clause           Structure:
complement         predicator          subject          Function:
divine.         is         To forgive others         
 
adjective phrase        VP           infinitive clause          Structure:
complement        predicator         subject         Function:
to be a civil engineer         is            His ambition         
 
infinitive clause            VP             NP           Structure:
complement         predicator          subject         Function:


HOW also can introduce nominal/noun clause:Ex:
How the book will sell depends on its author
The problem is how he can organize his time

Thank you for sharing that article


أعلى .:. أسفل
 يشاهد الملف الشخصي  
 
إرسال موضوع جديد الرد على الموضوع  [ 5 مشاركة ] 

جميع الأوقات تستخدم GMT + ساعتين [ DST ]


لا تستطيع كتابة مواضيع جديدة في هذا المنتدى
لا تستطيع كتابة ردود في هذا المنتدى
لا تستطيع تعديل مشاركاتك في هذا المنتدى
لا تستطيع حذف مشاركاتك في هذا المنتدى
لا تستطيع إرفاق ملف في هذا المنتدى

البحث عن:
الانتقال الى:  
cron

جميع الحقوق محفوظة لـ ©2012Art-En.com . تصميم بواسطة Art-En . راسلنا . سياسة الخصوصية . قوانين المنتدى
Powered by phpBB© . Translated by phpBBArabia