Production of fricatives and affricates: Fricatives: They are consonants with the characteristic that, when they are produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound. They are continuant consonants , which means that you can continue making them without interruption as long as you have enough air in your lungs.
Affricates: They begin as plosives and end as fricatives provided that the plosive and the following fricative must be made with the same articulators. To use a technical term , the plosive and fricative must be homorganic.
The fricatives of English: Each place of articulation have a pair of phonemes, one fortis and one lenis. The fortis fricatives are said to be articulated with greater force than the lenis , and their friction noise is louder. The lenis fricatives have very little or no voicing in initial and final positions , but may be voiced when they occur between voiced sounds.
f , v : they are labiodentals which means that the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. Eg: 'fan' , 'van' , 'safer' , 'saver' , 'half ' , 'halve' .
They are dental which means that the tongue is placed between the teeth. Eg: 'thumb' , 'thus' , 'ether' , 'father' , 'breath' , 'breathe'.
s , z : they are alveolar which means that the tongue blade is pressed against the alveolar ridge. Eg: 'sip' , 'zip' , 'facing' , 'phasing' , 'rice' , 'rise'.
, They are post-alveolar which means that the tongue is in contact with an area slightly further back than that for s,z. Eg: 'ship' , 'Russia' , 'measure' , 'Irish' , 'garage'.
All fricatives described so far can be found in initial, medial, and final positions except whose distribution is much more limited.
h : eg: 'head' , 'ahead' , 'playhouse'.
The affricates: , They are the only two affricate phonemes in English.
It is fortis "voiceless" , the place of articulation is post-alveolar , and the lips are rounded.
It is lenis "voiced" , the place of articulation is post-alveolar , and the lips are rounded. In
the t component has a place of articulation rather further back in the mouth than the t plosive usually has. When it is final in the syllable, it has the effect of shortening a preceding vowel, as do other fortis consonants.
* What are the basic characteristics of nassal consonant? The basic charactaristics of nassal consonant are that: 1- the air escapes through the nose, and it dose not pass through the mouth because it 2- the soft palate must be lowered. In the other cosonants and vowels: 1- the air can not pass through the nose 2- the soft palate is raised.
There are three types of closure which are: 1- Bilabial: when the lips are in the contact with each other 'm'. 2- Alveolar: when the tongue blade is against ridge 'n'. 3- Velar: when the back of the tongue is against the palate 'ing' {in the phonetic writing}. They are correspond to the three places of articulation for the pairs of plosives 'p,b', 't,d', 'k,g'.
The consonant l : * Define the lateral consonant. The lateral consonant is: one in which the passage of air through the mouth does not go in the usual way along the centre of the tongue. There is complete closure between the centre of the tongue and the part of the roof of the mouth where contact is to be made and becouse of the complete closure along the centre , the only way for the air to escape is along the sides of the tongue. In BBC pronunciation, the consonant has one unusual charactaristic.
* What is the realization of l ? The realization of l is: L: is a clear l when the back of the tongue is raised like in the word ' lea ', /li:/. L: is dark when the front of the tongue is raised , like in the word ' eels ' , /i:lz/.
The consonant r : * Define the approximent. {informaly}it is an articulation in which the articulators aproach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant such as a plosive, nasal, or fricative. When we pronounce r , the tip of the tongue approaches the alveolar area in approximately the way it would for a t or d, but never actually makes contact with any part of the roof of the mouth.
The American , Scots, and West of England accents have r in final position { before a pause } and before a consonant, so we say that these accents have rhotic r like in the words 'ever' and 'care'. We call these accents rhotic accents. { here we pronounce r }. In BBC accent and some other accents, r only occurs before vowels, so we call them non- rhotic, like in the words 'hard' and 'car'. { here we do not pronouce r }.
The consonant j and w : The most important thing is that they are phonetically like vowels but phonologically like consonants. In earlier works on phonology , they were known as "semivowels". *Describe j and w. j is approximant, palatal, and voiceless, eg: 'yet'. w is aproximant, bilabial, and voiceless, eg: 'wet'.
About the rest of this phrase,our doctor told us to read it for understanding.
The table in the page 65 is very important.
If there is any question, just ask me…. The jasmine....[/englishtext]
لا تستطيع كتابة مواضيع جديدة في هذا المنتدى لا تستطيع كتابة ردود في هذا المنتدى لا تستطيع تعديل مشاركاتك في هذا المنتدى لا تستطيع حذف مشاركاتك في هذا المنتدى لا تستطيع إرفاق ملف في هذا المنتدى
يمكنك أن تستفيد من الصلاحيات الإضافية للعضو و المشاركة في المنتدى بالتسجيل من هنا , كما يشرفنا أن ينضم إلينا الأساتذة و المعلمون 
تسجيل الدخول
تصفح جوال
الأسئلة المتكررة
بحث
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