1. The subjunctive mood is used for order. Suppositions, contrary-to fact conditions, future possibilities, doubts, wishes, and necessities. The most common of these are country-to-fact conditions. The main idea f the subjunctive mood is expression of a hypothetical or contingent event.
1 - الصيغة الشرطية تستخدم للأمر و الافتراضات المناقضة للحالات الحقيقية و الإمكانيات المستقبلية و الشك و الأمنيات و الضروريات. الصيغ الشرطية الأكثر شيوعاً هي التي تناقض الحالات الحقيقية.الفكرة الرئيسية من الصيغة الشرطية هو التعبير عن حادثة افتراضية أو محتملة.
if she were older, we could take her with us. (contrary to fact)
I wish she were old enough to go with us. (wish )
She acts as if she were older. (doubt )
2. The subjunctive mood of most verbs is different from the indicative mood only in the third person singular. The S is dropped in the subjunctive.
2 - الصيغة الشرطية لمعظم الأفعال مختلفة عن الصيغة الدلالية فقط في حالة الشخص الثالث المفرد، حيث أننا نحذف S في الصيغة الشرطية.
Indicative: He swims every day.
Subjunctive: It is important that he swims every day
.
3. The subjunctive mood of the verb TO BE uses BE in the present tense throughout, and WERE in the past tense throughout
.
3- الصيغة الشرطية للفعل (TO BE) تستخدم (BE) في الزمن الحاضر في كل مكان و (WERE) في الزمن الماضي في كل مكان.
It is important that they be on their guard.
She wish she was as graceful as her mother
4. Subjunctive mood sentences that are conditional have two clauses, one independent and one dependent; the later begins with IF.
Note the following tense progressions in this type of construction:
4- جمل الصيغة الشرطية التي هي شرطية لها عبارتين الأولى مستقلة و الأخرى تابعة حيث أن الأخيرة تبدأ ب I IF المتقدم هي هذا النوع من التركيب:
a. When the if/conditional sentence has the dependent clause in the present tense, the main clause will be in the future tense.
This is called a future-unreal condition
أ- عندما تملك الجملة الشرطية التي تبدأ ب (IF) عبارة تابعة في الزمن الحاضر فإن العبارة الرئيسية سوف تكون في زمن المستقبل.يدعى ذلك بحالة المستقبل الغير حقيقي.
If I hurry, I will be at school on time.
If you follow the directions carefully, this cake will be delicious
b.When the if/conditional sentence has the dependent clause in the past tense, the main clause will use WOULD, SHOULD, COULD, or MIGHT. This is called a present-unreal condition
.
عندما تملك الجمل الشرطية التي تبدأ ب IF عبارة تابعة في الزمن الماضي فإن العبارة الرئيسية سوف تستخدم WOULD,SHOULD,COULD,MIGHT ذلك يدعى بحالة الحاضر الغير حقيقي.
If I followed the directions carefully, this cake would be delicious.
If he had the time, he’d take a vacation.
I promised William I’d teach him.
If my father were here, he could show you
c.When the if/conditional sentence has the dependent clause in the past perfect tense, the main clause will use WOULD HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, COULD HANE, or MIGHT HAVE. This is called a past-unreal condition
عندما تملك الجملة الشرطية التي تبدأ ب IFبعبارة تابعة في الزمن الماضي التام فإن العبارة الرئيسية سوف تستخدم WOULD HAVE,SHOULD HAVE,COULD HAVE,MIGHT HAVE. ذلك يدعى الماضي الغير حقيقي.
If I had followed the directions carefully, this cake would have been delicious.
If he had the time, he’d have taken a vacation.
If my father had been here, he could have shown you
.
5. When using the subjunctive mood to express a wish (suggesting a contrary-to-fact condition), use the past tense to suggest present action, and use the past perfect tense to suggest past action
5 - عندما نستخدم الحال الشرطية لنعبر عن أمنية ( أو اقتراح مناف للشروط الحقيقية ) فإننا نستخدم الزمن الماضي لاقتراح فعل حاضر ، و نستخدم الزمن الماضي التام لاقتراح فعل ماضي.
I wish my father were here now to show us. (present)
I wish my father had been here yesterday. (past
6. When a dependent clause is introduced by UNTIL, WHEN, BEFORE, AS SOON AS, AS LOMG AS, or WHILE, the clause takes the present tense to describe the future
6 - عندما تبدأ العبارة التابعة ب UNTIL,WHEN,BEFORE,AS SOON AS, AS LONG WHILE. فإن العبارة تأخذ الزمن الحاضر لتعبر عن المستقبل.
We won’t go unless they asks us.
They won’t leave as long as we are here
7. The verbs SHOULD, OUGHT, and MUST express obligation. Only OUGHT may be followed by an infinitive
7 - الأفعال SHOULD,OUGHT,MUST تعبر عن الواجب .و الفعل OUGHT ربما تتبعه صيغة المصدر.
We ought to visit Grandma Julia this winter.
You must repay that debt.
8 - لا تغير الصيغة في الجملة إذا لم تكن بحاجة إلى ذلك.
Poor: If I were you and was lost, I’d ask directions.
Better: If I were you and were lost, I’d ask directions.
لا تبكي على دهر ضاع العمر فيه ... وابكي على صاحب خاب الظن فيه