Speech organs
The pharynx is a tube which begins above the larynx.
The velum or soft palate is, most of the time, raised so that the airflow cannot escape thru the nose. It can be touched by the tongue. When we make k and g , the back of the tongue is in contact with the lower side of the velum, and we call these velar consonants.
The hard palate is often called "the roof of the mouth" . We feel its smooth curved surface with our tongues.
The alveolar ridge is immediadely behind the upper front teeth. Its surface is rough and is covered with little ridges. When the tip of the tongue touches it, alveolar sounds such as ( t- d ) are produced.
The tongue can be moved into many different places and different shapes. The parts of the tongue are : tip, blade, center, back and root.
The teeth ( lower and upper ) . When the tip of the tongue is in contact with the upper teeth dental sounds are made.