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  • عنوان المشاركة: Ernest Miller Hemingway
مرسل: الاثنين كانون الأول 21, 2009 4:41 ص 
مراقب عام
مراقب عام
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اشترك في: 20 تشرين الأول 2007
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المشاركات: 9878
المكان: حمص
القسم: اللغة الانكليزية
السنة: دبلوم تأهيل
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غير متصل
Ernest Miller Hemingway

صورة

(July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. During his lifetime he wrote and had published seven novels; six collections of short stories; and two works of non-fiction. Since his death three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction autobiographical works have been published. Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 for his novella The Old Man and the Sea.
Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he worked as a reporter but within months he left for the Italian front to be an ambulance driver in World War I. He was seriously injured and returned home within the year. He married his first wife Hadley Richardson in 1922 and moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent. During this time Hemingway met, and was influenced by, writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the Lost Generation. In 1924 Hemingway wrote his first novel, The Sun Also Rises.

In the late 1920s, Hemingway divorced Hadley, married his second wife Pauline Pfeiffer, and moved to Key West, Florida. In 1937 Hemingway went to Spain as a war correspondent to cover the Spanish Civil War. After the war he divorced Pauline, married his third wife Martha Gellhorn, wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, and moved to Cuba. Hemingway covered World War II in Europe and he was present at Operation Overlord. Later he was in Paris during the liberation of Paris. After the war, he divorced again, married his fourth wife Mary Welsh, and wrote Across the River and Into the Trees. In the summer of 1961, Hemingway committed suicide.


صورة

Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid 1920s and the mid 1950s, though a number of unfinished works were published posthumously. Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement, and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoical men who exhibit an ideal described as "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered classics of American literature. During his lifetime, Hemingway's popularity peaked after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea. His impact on American literature has been considerable. For example, J.D. Salinger admired Hemingway's style and methods of writing.

Early life and World War I

Birthplace in Oak Park, Illinois
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Hemingway was the first son and the second child born to Clarence Edmonds "Doc Ed" Hemingway - a country doctor, and Grace Hall Hemingway. The Hemingways lived in a six-bedroom Victorian house built by Hemingway's maternal grandfather, Ernest Miller Hall, an English immigrant and Civil War veteran who lived with the family. Hemingway was named after his grandfather, although he disliked his name, and "associated it with the naive, even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest".



صورة



Hemingway's mother, who wanted to be an opera singer, earned money with voice and music lessons. She was domineering and narrowly religious, mirroring the strict Protestant ethic of Oak Park. The town, according to Hemingway, had "wide lawns and narrow minds". Her insistence that he learn the cello became a "source of conflict", but he later admitted the music lessons were useful to his writing as in the "contrapunctal structure of For Whom the Bell Tolls ". The family owned a summer home called Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan where they spent the summers.Hemingway learned to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan. His early experiences with nature instilled a passion for outdoor adventure, living in remote or isolated areas, hunting and fishing, and became permanent interests.
Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School from 1913 until 1917. There he was involved with sports: boxing, track, water polo, and football. He showed talent in English classes and was on the debate team. He wrote and edited the "Trapeze" and "Tabula" (the school's newspaper and yearbook), where he imitated the language of sportswriters, and sometimes used the pen name Ring Lardner, Jr., a nod to his literary hero Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune who used the byline "Line O'Type". After high school, Hemingway was hired as a cub reporter at The Kansas City Star, and like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis he worked as a journalist prior to becoming a novelist. Although he worked at the newspaper for only six months—from October 17, 1917 to April 30, 1918—he relied on the Star's style guide as a foundation for his writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative."


Hemingway volunteered to become an ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Italy early in 1918. He left New York in May, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery. By June he was stationed at the Italian Front. On July 8 he was seriously wounded by mortar fire as he ran an errand to the canteen. Despite his wounds, Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety, for which he was honored with the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery. Still only eighteen, Hemingway said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you....Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you." He had shrapnel wounds to both legs, had an operation at a distribution center, spent five days at a field hospital, and was transferred to the Red Cross hospital in Milan for recuperation. He spent six months in the hospital where he met and fell in love with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse seven years older than he. Agnes and Hemingway planned to marry; however, she became engaged to an Italian officer in March 1919. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers claims Hemingway was devastated by Agnes' rejection, and in future relationships he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him



صورة



Hemingway returned home in early 1919, and spent the following summer in Michigan, fishing and camping with high school friends. The summer became the genesis for his Nick Adams' story "Big Two-Hearted River". He then moved to Toronto and began writing for the Toronto Star Weekly where he worked as a freelancer, staff writer, and foreign correspondent In the fall of 1920, after having spent the summer in Michigan, he moved to Chicago for a short period while still filing stories for the Toronto Star. He also worked as associate editor of the monthly journal Co-operative Commonwealth. Hemingway met Hadley Richardson in Chicago. She was eight years older than he (and one year older than Agnes). They married on September 3, 1921; in November he became foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star and the couple left for Paris

Sherwood Anderson gave Hemingway letters of introduction to Gertrude Stein and other writers he had recently met in Paris. Stein, who became Hemingway's mentor for a period, and introduced him to the "Parisian Modern Movement" in the Montparnasse Quarter, referred to the expatriate artists as the "Lost Generation". The group included writers and artists such "Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Sylvia Beach, James Joyce, Max Eastman, Lincoln Steffens and Wyndham Lewis [and] the painters Miro and Picasso." Eventually Hemingway withdrew from Stein's influence and their relationship deteriorated to a literary quarrel that spanned decades. Hemingway and Ezra Pound forged a friendship; and Pound mentored the young writer in whom he recognized a natural talent. They met in February 1922, toured Italy together in 1923, and lived on the same street in 1924. Sylvia Beach, who published James Joyce's Ulysses, owned the bookshop Shakespeare and Company that was a popular gathering place for writers, where Hemingway met Joyce in March 1922. The two writers frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees.


صورة

Hemingway covered the Greco-Turkish War for the Toronto Star, where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna. He also wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain", "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany", and he wrote about bullfighting—"Pamplona in July; World's Series of Bull Fighting a Mad, Whirling Carnival". In December 1922 Hemingway was devastated when Hadley lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyons as she was travelling from Paris to Geneva to meet him. When Hadley became pregnant in 1923 they returned to Toronto where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. They returned to Paris at the beginning of the new year in 1924, and Hemingway decided to stop writing for the Toronto Star, recreate the lost stories, and begin writing for publication. Also in 1924 Hemingway assisted Ford Madox Ford in editing The Transatlantic Review. Ford published works by Pound, John Dos Passos, and Gertrude Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's early stories such as "Indian Camp". When Hemingway's first collection of short stories, "In Our Time" was published in 1925, the dust jacket included comments from Ford. Six months earlier, Hemingway had met F. Scott Fitzgerald, and they began a friendship of "admiration and hostility."

In the summer of 1925, Hemingway and Hadley went on their annual trip to Pamplona to the Festival of San Fermín accompanied by a group of American and British ex-patriates. The events of the trip inspired Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises. He finished the first draft in two months. During the next six months he revised the manuscript as his marriage to Hadley began to disintegrate. Scribner's published The Sun Also Rises in October 1926. Hemingway divorced Hadley in January 1927, and in May married Pauline Pfeiffer. Pfeiffer wrote for Vanity Fair and worked for Vogue in Paris. Hemingway converted to Catholicism to marry Pauline. Men Without Women, a collection of short stories, containing The Killers, was published in October 1927. By the end of the year Pauline was pregnant, and on the recommendation of Dos Passos, Hemingway and Pauline moved to Key West. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city."


صورة

Key West and the Caribbean

Hemingway's second son Patrick was born in Kansas City on June 28, 1928. Pauline's labor was difficult and she had a Caesarean. For a time they lived with Pauline's parents at the Pfeiffer House in Piggott, Arkansas, where Hemingway worked on A Farewell to Arms. After Patrick's birth Hemingway travelled to Wyoming, Massachusetts and New York. That December, Hemingway's father shot himself with his own father's (Hemingway's grandfather's) American Civil War pistol, having suffered ill health, depression and financial difficulties

Hemingway continued to travel extensively, returning to France and Spain in the summer of 1929 to gather material for Death in the Afternoon. A Farewell to Arms was published in September of that year. Hemingway spent winters in Key West, and summers in Wyoming where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and where the hunting included deer, elk, and grizzly bear. His third son, Gregory, was born on November 12, 1931. Also In 1931, Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house. In a converted den on the second floor of the "carriage house" Hemingway had a space to work. While in Key West he also spent time fishing the waters around the Dry Tortugas with his longtime friend Waldo Peirce, and at Sloppy Joe's.

In 1933, he and Pauline travelled to Africa for ten weeks. The trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa, and the short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber". He visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya, then Tanganyika on safari, where he hunted in the Serengeti, around Lake Manyara and west and southeast of the present-day Tarangire National Park. He contracted amoebic dysentery causing a prolapsed intestine and he was evacuated to Nairobi by plane, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On this trip Hemingway's guide was Philip Hope Percival, who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. Hemingway began writing Green Hills of Africa as soon as he returned, which was published in 1935.
Back in Key West, Hemingway bought a boat in 1934, named it the "Pilar", and began sailing the Caribbean. In 1935 he discovered Bimini where he spent considerable time. During this period he also worked on To Have and Have Not, published in 1937 when he was in Spain, and the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.



Spanish Civil War and World War II

Ivens, Hemingway, and Renn (of the International Brigade). Spanish Civil War, 1937
In 1937 Hemingway reported on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA). He arrived in France in March, and in Spain ten days later with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens. Ivens was filming The Spanish Earth working with John Dos Passos as screen writer. However, Dos Passos wanted to leave because his friend José Robles had been arrested (and was later executed), so he passed the screen-writing work over to Hemingway. At that time Dos Passos changed his opinion of the republicans, causing a rift between himself and Hemingway who spread a rumor that Dos Passos was a coward when he left Spain. Journalist Martha Gellhorn, whom Hemingway had met in Key West in 1936, joined him in Spain. Hemingway and Gellhorn continued their relationship during the war, until Hemingway divorced Pauline in 1940. Pauline, a devout Catholic, sided with the pro-Catholic nationalists; whereas Hemingway supported the republicans. Hemingway wrote The Fifth Column, his only piece of drama, during the bombardment of Madrid in 1937. His involvement with the republicans and the International Brigade may have gone so far as teaching young Spaniards how to use rifles. In 1938, after having returned home to Key West for a few months, Hemingway returned to Spain and was present at the Battle of the Ebro, the last republican stand. With fellow British and American journalists, Hemingway rowed the group across the river, some of the last to leave the battle


صورة

Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn moved to Cuba in 1939, and in 1940 bought the "Finca Vigia" which they had been renting. A few months later Hemingway divorced Pauline and married Martha. During that period he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he began in March 1939, finished in July 1940, and which was published in October 1940. As he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls he travelled from Cuba to Wyoming to Sun Valley, Idaho. He also changed the location of his homes, as he had after his split with Hadley, moving his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside of the newly built resort Sun Valley, having already moved his winter residence from Key West to Cuba. In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier's magazine, and Hemingway accompanied her. Although Hemingway wrote dispatches for PM, he had little affinity for China.

When he returned to Cuba, after the beginning of World War II, Hemingway refitted the Pilar to hunt down German submarines. From June to December 1944, he was in Europe, and was present at the D-Day landing. He then attached himself to "the 22nd Regiment commanded by Col. Charles "Buck" Lanaham as it drove toward Paris", and he also had a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris. Of Hemingway's exploits, a war historian remarks: " 'Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well.' " On August 25 he was present at the liberation of Paris, though the assertion that he was first in the city, or that he liberated the Ritz is considered part of the Hemingway legend. While in Paris he attended a reunion hosted by Sylvia Beach and also made up his long feud with Gertrude Stein. Hemingway was present at heavy fighting in the Hürtgenwald at the end 1944.

When Hemingway arrived in Europe, he met Time correspondent Mary Welsh in London. During the war his marriage to Martha disintegrated and the last time he saw her was in March 1945 as he was preparing to return to Cuba. In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. His valor for having been " 'under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions,' " was recognized, with the commendation that " 'Through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat.' "


صورة

Cuba

Hemingway married Mary Welsh in March 1946, and five months later she suffered an ectopic pregnancy. Hemingway and Mary suffered a series of accidents after the war: in 1945 Hemingway had a car accident and injured his knee, and over the next five years Mary suffered a number of broken bones. In 1947 his sons Patrick and Gregory had a car accident and Gregory suffered a serious illness as a consequence. Also the 1940s was a decade when many of Hemingway's friends died. In 1939 Yeats and Ford Madox Ford died; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald died; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce died; in 1946 Gertrude Stein died; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long time editor and friend, died.

Hemingway began to suffer from ill health: headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, depression, and eventually diabetes, although he was also working on the manuscript of The Garden of Eden. In 1948 Hemingway and Mary travelled to Europe, and in Italy he visited the site of the his World War I accident. Soon thereafter he began work on Across the River and Into the Woods, which he worked on through 1949 and published it in 1950. In 1951 he completed the draft of Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks and considered it "the best I can write ever for all of my life." The Old Man and the Sea won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. In Africa he was seriously injured in two successive plane crashes: he sprained his right shoulder, arm, and left leg; had a concussion; temporarily lost vision in his left eye and the hearing in his left ear; suffered paralysis of the spine; had a crushed vertebra, ruptured liver, spleen and kidney; and sustained first degree burns on his face, arms, and leg. Some American newspapers published his obituary, believing he had been killed. A month later he was again badly injured in a bushfire accident, which left him with second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm.

صورة

In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize for the Old Man and the Sea. Because he was in pain as a result of the African accidents, and because he had recently returned home to Cuba after a an absence of almost a full year, Hemingway chose not to travel Stockholm to accept the prize in person. Instead he sent a speech to be read in which he defines the writer's life: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day."

During the mid-1950s, Hemingway was often ill and he was bedridden from late 1956 to early 1957. The Finca Vigia became crowded with guests and tourists. He became disaffected with life in Cuba and considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a home, overlooking the Big Wood River, outside of Ketchum and left Cuba, although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government, going so far as telling the New York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Havana. However, the Hemingway account "The Shot" is used by Cabrera Infante and others as evidence of conflict between Hemingway and Fidel Castro dating back to 1948 and the killing of "Manolo" Castro, a friend of Hemingway. In 1960, he left Cuba and Finca Vigía for the last time. The Cuban government claims that after her husband's death, Mary Welsh Hemingway deeded the home to the Cuban government, which made it into a museum devoted to the author. In fact, the house was appropriated after the Bay of Pigs invasion, complete with Hemingway's collection of "four to six thousand books". The Hemingways lost their home, and were forced to leave art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana.


صورة

Idaho and suicide

In 1957 he began A Moveable Feast, which he worked on in Cuba and Idaho from 1957 to 1960. In 1959, his passion for bullfighting was renewed when he spent the summer in Spain for a series of bullfight articles he was to write for Life Magazine. The following winter the manuscript grew to 63,000 words—Life only wanted 10,000 words—and he asked his friend A.E Hotchner for help organizing the manuscript. Although Hemingway's mental deterioration was noticeable, he travelled to Spain to gather photographs for the manuscript. Alone in Spain, without Mary, Hemingway's mental state disintegrated rapidly. Life published the first installment in September 1960 to good reviews. Hemingway left Spain, travelled straight to Idaho, and in November he entered the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. He was registered as George Saviers, the name of his physician from Sun Valley He had been receiving treatment for high blood pressure and liver problems, and he may have believed he was going to be treated for hypertension. Also, Hemingway suffered paranoia, believing he was being watched by the FBI. In fact, the FBI had opened a file on him during WWII when he used the Pilar to patrol the waters off Cuba, and J. Edgar Hoover had an agent in Havana watching Hemingway during the 1950s. The FBI knew

Hemingway was at the Mayo, as an agent documented in a letter written in January, 1961. Hemingway, additionally, suffered real problems: his eyesight was failing; his health was poor; and his home and possessions had been lost in Cuba.
In the spring of 1961, three months after his initial treatment at the Mayo with a series of ECT treatment, Hemingway attempted suicide. Mary convinced Saviers to an immediate hospitalization at the Sun Valley hospital, and from there he was returned to the Mayo for more shock treatments. He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. On the morning of July 2, 1961, he committed suicide by shooting himself with his shotgun. Arriving at 7:40 a.m., Dr. Scott Earle certified the death. Because foul play was ruled out an inquest was not required under Idaho state law.

Other members of Hemingway's immediate family also committed suicide, including his father Clarence Hemingway; his sister Ursula; his brother Leicester; and his granddaughter Margaux Hemingway. During his last years, Hemingway's behavior was similar to his father's before he committed suicide. Hemingway's father may had the genetic disease haemochromatosis in which the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration. Medical records, available in 1991, in fact confirm that Hemingway's haemochromatosis had been diagnosed early in 1961. Additionally, Hemingway had been a heavy drinker for most of his life


صورة

Hemingway is interred in the town cemetery in Ketchum, Idaho, at the north end of town. A memorial was erected in 1966 at another location, overlooking Trail Creek, north of Ketchum. It is inscribed with a eulogy he wrote for a friend, Gene

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 يشاهد الملف الشخصي  
 
  • عنوان المشاركة: Ernest Miller Hemingway
مرسل: الاثنين كانون الأول 21, 2009 4:52 ص 
مراقب عام
مراقب عام
صورة العضو الشخصية
اشترك في: 20 تشرين الأول 2007
المواضيع: 440
المشاركات: 9878
المكان: حمص
القسم: اللغة الانكليزية
السنة: دبلوم تأهيل
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غير متصل
يامحمد كل هدول منزلن :shock:

انا مادخلني تصطفلو بدكن تقروا وخاصة طلاب السنة الاولى كونو مؤلف رواية العجوز والبحر  :mrgreen:

راجعلكن ابقا بالمزيد والمزيد  8)

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